EDTE 350 History Wiki - User contributions [en]

EDTE 350 History Wiki:Sandbox

2016-04-08T05:12:46Z

Jlharl: Blanked the page

MediaWiki:Filedelete-reason-dropdown

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Jlharl: Created page with "*Common delete reasons **Housekeeping ** Copyright violation ** Duplicated file"

*Common delete reasons
**Housekeeping
** Copyright violation
** Duplicated file

Talk:Indiana School for the Deaf

2016-04-06T07:16:51Z

Jlharl:

We should find more sources.[[User:Angela|Angela]] ([[User talk:Angela|talk]]) 03:13, 6 April 2016 (EDT)

Maybe we can ask Judy what she thinks when we meet to talk about this . - [[User:Bobby|Bobby]] ([[User talk:Bobby|talk]]) 03:16, 6 April 2016 (EDT)

Talk:Indiana School for the Deaf

2016-04-06T07:16:38Z

Jlharl:

Talk:Indiana School for the Deaf

2016-04-06T07:13:36Z

Jlharl: Created page with "We should find more sources.User:Angela| (talk) ~~~~~"

We should find more sources.[[User:Angela|Angela]] ([[User talk:Angela|talk]]) 03:13, 6 April 2016 (EDT)

Indiana School for the Deaf

2016-04-06T06:37:47Z

Jlharl: videos to test how many can fit on a line

'''Indiana School for the Deaf (ISD)''' is a fully accredited school for the deaf and hard of hearing, located in [[Indianapolis, Indiana]]. It won the best deaf school in America in 2011 and 2014

==History==
When the first school for the Deaf was established in Indiana, it was not called Indiana School for the Deaf. It was named Willard School, after the founder, [[William Willard (deaf educator)|William Willard]].<ref>Gannon, Jack. 1981. ''Deaf Heritage–A Narrative History of Deaf America'', Silver Spring, MD: National Association of the Deaf, p. 23 ([http://saveourdeafschools.org/Deaf_Heritage_by_Jack_Gannon_page_23.pdf PDF])</ref>

William Willard was a deaf teacher who taught at Ohio School for the Deaf in Columbus, Ohio. He traveled to Indianapolis in May 1843 to propose the establishment of a Deaf School. Once he had the support of the General Assembly, he recruited approximately twelve students. He and his wife, Eliza, were teachers. Eventually, the school had grown and a law which was passed in January 1846, officially established the Willard School as the sixth state school for the Deaf and the first Deaf school to provide free education to Deaf and hard of hearing students. The school had actually moved a few times in different locations, when finally, the school was built on an 80 acre (32 hectare) property on East 42nd Street. The name was changed to Indiana School for the Deaf. The school's main buildings on the current campus are registered as historic landmarks.

==Videos==
<html5media height="180" width="345">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iMZ1bMlNF-Q</html5media>
<html5media height="180" width="345">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E3wzLMcHqho</html5media>
<html5media height="180" width="345">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=muSY-KDKp1I</html5media>

==See also==
*[[William Willard (deaf educator)|William Willard]], founder and first Deaf superintendent of ISD
*[[Sean Berdy]], actor, class of 2011

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.deafhoosiers.com Indiana School for the Deaf Website]
*[http://www.isdorioles.com Indiana School for the Deaf Athletics]
{{wikipedia}}
[[Category:Places]]
[[Category:Deaf history]]

MediaWiki:Edittools

2016-04-06T06:11:42Z

Jlharl: Created page with " Here are some things you can copy and paste into the edit window when you need them: *Medium video: <nowiki><ht..."

Here are some things you can copy and paste into the edit window when you need them:

*Medium video: <nowiki><html5media height="180" width="345">Place video page link here</html5media></nowiki>
*Small video: <nowiki><html5media height="156" width="300">Put video page link here</html5media></nowiki>

William Willard

2016-04-06T06:01:23Z

Jlharl:

[[File:William Willard.jpg|thumb|William Willard]]
'''William Willard''' (November 1, 1809 – February 15, 1881)<ref>[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=Willard&GSfn=William&GSbyrel=all&GSdyrel=all&GSob=n&GRid=22201027&df=all& William Willard (1809-1881)]</ref> founded [[Indiana School for the Deaf]] in [[Indianapolis, Indiana]]. He was one of the most important deaf persons in the deaf community.

William Willard was born on November 1, 1809 in Brattleboro, Vermont. He grew up in Rockingham, Vermont, and attended American School for the Deaf in Hartford, Connecticut. During his schooling, he was a student of Laurent Clerc. After he graduated, he taught at a school for the deaf in Columbus, Ohio, which was called Ohio School for the Deaf. There, he met Eliza Young, who was also deaf and a teacher, and married her. Eventually, the both of them traveled to Indianapolis, Indiana, and William proposed the establishment of a school for the Deaf.

He and Eliza traveled throughout the state of Indiana on horseback, recruiting potential deaf students in order to form a school. On October 1, 1843 was the first day of school, and William's school had twelve students. William and his wife, Eliza, both were teachers. Eventually, Indiana passed a law that established the school as a state institution, and after William became Principal of the school, Indiana passed a law that officially declared [[Indiana School for the Deaf]] as the sixth state school for the Deaf to provide free education to all deaf and hard of hearing students.<ref>[http://deafhoosiers.com/aboutisd/history.asp Indiana School for the Deaf: About ISD: School History]</ref>

==Signed version of the article==

<html5media height="180" width="345">File:Pretend ASL video.mp4</html5media>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{wikipedia}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Willard, William}}
[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Deaf history]]

Talk:William Willard (deaf educator)

2016-04-06T05:58:29Z

Jlharl: Jlharl moved page Talk:William Willard (deaf educator) to Talk:William Willard: no need for disambiguation

#REDIRECT [[Talk:William Willard]]

Talk:William Willard

2016-04-06T05:58:29Z

Jlharl: Jlharl moved page Talk:William Willard (deaf educator) to Talk:William Willard: no need for disambiguation

I think we should interview Mr. Smith because he knows a lot about history and the school. - [[User:Bobby|Bobby]] ([[User talk:Bobby|talk]]) 10:00, 4 April 2016 (UTC)
:Maybe could also find things for the page in some old newspapers. [[User:Angela|Angela]] ([[User talk:Angela|talk]]) 19:00, 4 April 2016 (UTC)
::That's a good idea, you two! Keep up the good work! - [[User:Jlharl|jlharl]] ([[User talk:Jlharl|talk]]) 15:49, 5 April 2016 (UTC)

William Willard (deaf educator)

2016-04-06T05:58:29Z

Jlharl: Jlharl moved page William Willard (deaf educator) to William Willard: no need for disambiguation

#REDIRECT [[William Willard]]

William Willard

2016-04-06T05:58:28Z

Jlharl: Jlharl moved page William Willard (deaf educator) to William Willard: no need for disambiguation

[[File:William Willard.jpg|thumb|William Willard]]
'''William Willard''' (November 1, 1809 – February 15, 1881)<ref>[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=Willard&GSfn=William&GSbyrel=all&GSdyrel=all&GSob=n&GRid=22201027&df=all& William Willard (1809-1881)]</ref> founded [[Indiana School for the Deaf]] in [[Indianapolis, Indiana]]. He was one of the most important deaf persons in the deaf community.

William Willard was born on November 1, 1809 in Brattleboro, Vermont. He grew up in Rockingham, Vermont, and attended American School for the Deaf in Hartford, Connecticut. During his schooling, he was a student of Laurent Clerc. After he graduated, he taught at a school for the deaf in Columbus, Ohio, which was called Ohio School for the Deaf. There, he met Eliza Young, who was also deaf and a teacher, and married her. Eventually, the both of them traveled to Indianapolis, Indiana, and William proposed the establishment of a school for the Deaf.

He and Eliza traveled throughout the state of Indiana on horseback, recruiting potential deaf students in order to form a school. On October 1, 1843 was the first day of school, and William's school had twelve students. William and his wife, Eliza, both were teachers. Eventually, Indiana passed a law that established the school as a state institution, and after William became Principal of the school, Indiana passed a law that officially declared [[Indiana School for the Deaf]] as the sixth state school for the Deaf to provide free education to all deaf and hard of hearing students.<ref>[http://deafhoosiers.com/aboutisd/history.asp Indiana School for the Deaf: About ISD: School History]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{wikipedia}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Willard, William}}
[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Deaf history]]

File:Pretend ASL video.mp4

2016-04-06T05:54:35Z

Jlharl: This is a mockup ASL video to demonstrate the "signed" version of an article being provided on-site.

This is a mockup ASL video to demonstrate the "signed" version of an article being provided on-site.

EDTE 350 History Wiki:Sandbox

2016-04-05T03:11:08Z

Jlharl: extension not active but testing anyway

<html5media height="720" width="1280">File:strange.mp4</html5media>

EDTE 350 History Wiki:Sandbox

2016-04-05T03:02:03Z

Jlharl: Created page with "<mediaplayer width='500' height='300'>http://edte350historywiki.ddns.net/images/c/c7/Strange.mp4</mediaplayer>"

<mediaplayer width='500' height='300'>http://edte350historywiki.ddns.net/images/c/c7/Strange.mp4</mediaplayer>

Talk:William Willard

2016-04-04T14:02:23Z

Jlharl: fmt

Talk:William Willard

2016-04-04T14:00:52Z

Jlharl: pretend convo

I think we should interview Mr. Smith because he knows a lot about history and the school. - [[User:Bobby|Bobby]] 10:00, 4 April 2016 (EDT)
:Maybe could also find things for the page in some old newspapers. [[User:Angela|Angela]] 10:00, 4 April 2016 (EDT)
::That's a good idea, you two! Keep up the good work! - [[User:Jlharl|jlharl]] ([[User talk:Jlharl|talk]]) 10:00, 4 April 2016 (EDT)

Women's voting rights in the United States

2016-03-30T14:04:54Z

Jlharl:

'''Women's suffrage (the right to vote) in the United States''' started slowly, at state and local levels, during the 19th Century and early 20th Century, ending in 1920 with the passing of the 19th Amendment to the US Constitution, which provided: "The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex."

==Beginnings==
Lydia Taft (February 2, 1712 – November 9, 1778) was a starter of women's suffrage movement in Colonial America. She was the first woman legally ok to vote in colonial America. After the death of her wealthy husband and elder son left the family without an adult, she was given this right by the town meeting of Uxbridge, Massachusetts in 1756. For the great majority of American women, voting rights for women were not granted until much later on.
[[Category:Indiana history]]
{{wikipedia|simple:Women's voting rights in the United States}}

Women's voting rights in the United States

2016-03-30T14:04:00Z

Jlharl: cat shorten

'''Women's suffrage (the right to vote) in the United States''' started slowly, at state and local levels, during the 19th Century and early 20th Century, ending in 1920 with the passing of the 19th Amendment to the US Constitution, which provided: "The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex."

==Beginnings==
Lydia Taft (February 2, 1712 – November 9, 1778) was a starter of women's suffrage movement in Colonial America. She was the first woman legally ok to vote in colonial America. After the death of her wealthy husband and elder son left the family without an adult, she was given this right by the town meeting of Uxbridge, Massachusetts in 1756. For the great majority of American women, voting rights for women were not granted until much later on.
[[Category:History]]
{{wikipedia|simple:Women's voting rights in the United States}}

Women's voting rights in the United States

2016-03-30T14:03:32Z

Jlharl: rm links, add attribution

'''Women's suffrage (the right to vote) in the United States''' started slowly, at state and local levels, during the 19th Century and early 20th Century, ending in 1920 with the passing of the 19th Amendment to the US Constitution, which provided: "The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex."

==Beginnings==
Lydia Taft (February 2, 1712 – November 9, 1778) was a starter of women's suffrage movement in Colonial America. She was the first woman legally ok to vote in colonial America. After the death of her wealthy husband and elder son left the family without an adult, she was given this right by the town meeting of Uxbridge, Massachusetts in 1756. For the great majority of American women, voting rights for women were not granted until much later on.
[[Category:History of the United States]]
{{wikipedia|simple:Women's voting rights in the United States}}

Women's voting rights in the United States

2016-03-30T13:59:20Z

Jlharl: 1 revision imported: suffrage

'''Women's suffrage (the right to vote) in the United States''' started slowly, at [[state]] and local levels, during the 19th [[Century]] and early 20th Century, ending in 1920 with the passing of the [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]], which provided: "The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex."

==Beginnings==
[[Lydia Taft|Lydia Chapin (Taft)]] (February 2, 1712 – November 9, 1778) was a starter of women's suffrage movement in [[Colonial America]]. She was the first woman legally ok to vote in colonial America. After the death of her wealthy (had much money) husband and elder son left the family without an adult [[Heir apparent]], she was given this right by the town meeting of [[Uxbridge, Massachusetts]] in 1756. For the great majority of American women, voting rights for women were not granted until much later on.
[[Category:History of the United States]]

Category:Deaf history

2016-03-30T05:16:06Z

Jlharl:

The things on this page are important parts of deaf history in Indiana.
[[Category:Indiana history]]

Category:Indiana history

2016-03-30T05:15:11Z

Jlharl: Created page with "These are pages about history in Indiana."

These are pages about history in Indiana.

Indianapolis, Indiana

2016-03-30T05:14:28Z

Jlharl: /* External links */

{{About|the capital city in the U.S. state of Indiana}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2012}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name=Indianapolis, Indiana
|official_name=City of Indianapolis
|image_skyline=IndianapolisC12.png
|settlement_type= [[Consolidated city-county]]
|nickname="Indy"; "Circle City"; "Crossroads of America"; "Naptown"; "Racing Capital of the World"; "Amateur Sports Capital of the World"
|imagesize=300px
|image_caption=Clockwise from top: [[Downtown Indianapolis]] viewed from [[Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis|IUPUI]], the [[Indiana Statehouse]], [[Lucas Oil Stadium]], [[Indianapolis Motor Speedway]], the [[Indiana World War Memorial Plaza]], and the [[Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument (Indianapolis)|Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument]].
|image_flag=Flag of Indianapolis.svg
|image_seal=Indianapolis Seal.png
|image_map=Marion County Indiana Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Indianapolis Highlighted.svg
|mapsize=250px
|map_caption=Location in the state of [[Indiana]] and [[Marion County, Indiana|Marion County]]
|image_map1=
|mapsize1=
|map_caption1=
|pushpin_map=USA
|pushpin_map_caption=Location in the United States
|coordinates_region=US-IN
|subdivision_type=[[List of countries|Country]]
|subdivision_name=[[United States]]
|subdivision_type1=[[U.S. state|State]]
|subdivision_name1=[[Indiana]]
|subdivision_type2=[[List of counties in Indiana|County]]
|subdivision_name2=[[Marion County, Indiana|Marion]]
|subdivision_type3=Townships
|subdivision_name3=''See [[Marion County, Indiana#Townships|Marion Co. Townships]]''
|government_type=[[Mayor-council government|Mayor-council]]
|governing_body= [[Indianapolis City-County Council]]
|leader_title=[[List of mayors of Indianapolis|Mayor]]
|leader_name=[[Joe Hogsett|Joseph H. Hogsett]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]])
|established_title=Founded
|established_date=1821
|area_note=
|area_magnitude=1 E8
|unit_pref=Imperial
|area_total_sq_mi=372
|area_total_km2=963.5
|area_land_sq_mi=365.1
|area_land_km2=945.6
|area_water_sq_mi=6.9
|area_water_km2=17.9
|population_est= 848788
|pop_est_as_of= 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2014/SUB-EST2014-3.html|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=June 26, 2015}}</ref>
|[[File:Saints Peter & Paul Cathedral Indianapolis.jpg|left|thumbnail|The Saint Peter & Paul Catholic Cathedral in Indianapolis]]
|population_urban=1,487,483 (US: [[List of United States urban areas|33rd]])
|population_as_of=[[2010 United States Census|2010]]
|population_metro=1,756,241 (US: [[Table of United States Metropolitan Statistical Areas|33rd]])
|population_blank1_title = [[Combined statistical area|CSA]]
|population_blank1 = 2,080,782 (US: [[List of Combined Statistical Areas|26th]])
|population_rank =[[Marion County, Indiana|1st]] in Marion County [[List of cities in Indiana|1st]] in Indiana [[List of state capitals in the United States|2nd]] largest State Capital (in 2010) [[List of United States cities by population|14th]] in the United States
|population_total=820,445
|population_density_sq_mi=2273
|population_density_km2=861
|population_footnotes=<ref name=Quickfacts12/><ref name="2010 census">{{cite web|title=U.S. Census Bureau Delivers Indiana's 2010 Census Population Totals |url=http://2010.Census.gov/news/releases/operations/cb11-cn26.html |accessdate=February 11, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20110213010706/http://2010.census.gov:80/news/releases/operations/cb11-cn26.html |archivedate=February 13, 2011 }}</ref>
|population_demonym=Indianapolitan
|elevation_m=218
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|timezone=[[Eastern Time Zone|EST]]
|utc_offset=-5
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|utc_offset_DST=-4
|postal_code_type=[[ZIP Code]]s
|postal_code={{Collapsible list |title=61 total ZIP codes:|46201–46209, 46211, 46214, 46216–46231, 46234–46237, 46239–46242, 46244, 46247, 46249–46251, 46253–46256, 46259–46260, 46266, 46268, 46274–46275, 46277–46278, 46280, 46282–46283, 46285, 46290–46291, 46295–46296, 46298}}
|latd=39
|latm=46
|latNS=N
|longd=86
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|blank_name=[[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info=18-36003<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2008-01-31|title=American FactFinder}}</ref>
|website={{url|http://www.indy.gov}}
|footnotes=
|}}

'''Indianapolis''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɪ|n|d|i|ə|ˈ|n|æ|p|ə|l|ɪ|s}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Jones|first=Daniel|author-link=Daniel Jones (phonetician)|title=English Pronouncing Dictionary|editors=Peter Roach, James Hartmann and Jane Setter|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|orig-year=1917|year=2003|isbn=3-12-539683-2}}</ref><ref>{{MerriamWebsterDictionary|Indianapolis}}</ref><ref>{{Dictionary.com|Indianapolis}}</ref>) is the [[List of U.S. state and territorial capitals|capital]] of the [[U.S. state]] of [[Indiana]] and the [[county seat|seat]] of [[Marion County, Indiana|Marion County]]. It is located in the [[East North Central States|East North Central]] region of the [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]], near the confluence of the [[White River (Indiana)|White River]] and [[Fall Creek (Indiana)|Fall Creek]]. The city covers 372 square miles (963.5 km²) and had an estimated population of 848,788 in 2014, making it the largest city in Indiana, second largest in the Midwest, and [[List of United States cities by population|14th largest]] in the U.S.<ref name=Quickfacts12/><ref>{{cite web|title=State & County QuickFacts|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/18/1836003.html|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=2015-03-21}}</ref> Approximately 1,971,274 people live in the [[Indianapolis metropolitan area]] ([[metropolitan statistical area|MSA]]), the [[List of Metropolitan Statistical Areas|33rd most populous]] MSA in the U.S. Its [[combined statistical area]] (CSA) ranks 26th, with a population of 2,336,237.

Founded in 1821 as a [[planned city]] for the new seat of Indiana's state government, Indianapolis was [[plat|platted]] by [[Alexander Ralston]] and [[Elias Pym Fordham]] on a {{convert|1|sqmi|km2|adj=on}} grid. The city grew beyond the [[Downtown Indianapolis|Mile Square]], as the advent of the railroad and completion of the [[National Road]] solidified the city's role as a manufacturing and transportation hub. Indianapolis continues to be a distribution and logistics center, as more interstate highways intersect with the city than any other in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web|title=November 2014 Economic Briefing|url=http://indychamber.com/files/8214/1763/7814/November_Economic_Briefing.pdf|publisher=Indy Chamber|accessdate=2015-03-21}}</ref><ref name="sports">{{cite journal|last=Hritz|first=Nancy|last2=Ross|first2=Craig|date=2010|title=The Perceived Impacts of Sports Tourism: An Urban Host Community Perspective|url=http://journals.humankinetics.com/AcuCustom/Sitename/Documents/DocumentItem/17965.pdf|journal=Journal of Sport Management|publisher=Human Kinetics, Inc.|volume=24|pages=119-138|accessdate=March 24, 2016}}</ref> This has led to the city's nickname as the ''[[Crossroads of America]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/indianapolis/introessay.htm|title=Capital at the Crossroads of America–Indianapolis: A Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary|publisher=National Park Service (U.S. Dept. of the Interior)|accessdate=March 24, 2016}}</ref> Three [[Fortune 500]] and several [[Fortune 1000]] companies are based in the city, along with a robust [[sport tourism]] and convention industry, contributing to a [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) of $125.8 billion in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fortune 500 List by State for 2015|url=http://www.geolounge.com/fortune-500-list-by-state-for-2015/|publisher=Geolounge|accessdate=August 12, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Brian|last=Eason|date=January 26, 2016|url=http://www.indystar.com/story/news/2016/01/28/visit-indy-reports-record-year-indianapolis-tourism/79469860/|title=Visit Indy reports record year for Indianapolis tourism|work=The Indianapolis Star|accessdate=March 24, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bureau of Economic Analysis|url=http://www.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?reqid=70&step=1&isuri=1&acrdn=2#reqid=70&step=6&isuri=1&7003=900&7004=naics&7005=-1&7001=2900&7002=2&7090=70|website=www.bea.gov|accessdate=January 16, 2016|first=U.S. Department of Commerce, BEA, Bureau of Economic|last=Analysis}}</ref> Indianapolis hosts many notable events annually, including the largest single-day sporting event in the world, the [[Indianapolis 500]].<ref name="sports"/> As headquarters for the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association]] (NCAA), the city frequently hosts the [[NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship|Men's]] and [[NCAA Women's Division I Basketball Championship|Women's]] basketball tournaments.<ref name="sports"/> It hosted [[1987 Pan American Games|Pan American Games X]] in 1987 and [[Super Bowl XLVI]] in 2012.<ref name="Naptown">{{cite video|people=Ted Greene and Jon Sweeney|date=January 20, 2012|title=Naptown to Super City|url=http://video.wfyi.org/video/2282207842/|format=|medium=television broadcast|language=English|publisher=WFYI-TV (PBS)|location=Indianapolis|accessdate=March 26, 2016}}</ref>

The city's philanthropic community has been instrumental in the development of its most well-known cultural institutions, including [[The Children's Museum of Indianapolis]], [[Indianapolis Museum of Art]], [[Indianapolis Zoo]], [[Eiteljorg Museum of American Indians and Western Art]], [[Indiana State Museum]], and [[Indiana Landmarks]].<ref name="sports"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lilly Endowment Annual Report 2014 |url=http://www.lillyendowment.org/annualreports/2014/LE14_annual-report.pdf |publisher=Lilly Endowment, Inc. |accessdate=March 23, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor1-last=Bodenhamer |editor1-first=David |editor2-last=Barrows |editor2-first=Robert |title=The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis |year=1994 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington & Indianapolis |pages=914-916}} Accessed March 25, 2016.</ref> Indianapolis-based [[Lilly Endowment]] holds the fifth largest endowment in the U.S., with nearly $10 billion in assets.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=March 24, 2013|url=http://foundationcenter.org/findfunders/topfunders/top100assets.html|title=Top 100 U.S. Foundations by Asset Size|publisher=Foundation Center}}</ref> The city maintains the largest collection of monuments dedicated to veterans and war dead in the U.S., outside of [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref>{{cite news|first=Dawn|last=Mitchell|date=May 25, 2015|url=http://www.indystar.com/story/news/2015/05/25/monumental-indianapolis/27909621/|title=Monumental Indianapolis: Touring Indianapolis memorials|work=The Indianapolis Star|accessdate=March 25, 2016}}</ref><ref name="IWM">{{cite web|title=Message from the Executive Director|url=http://www.in.gov/iwm/2408.htm|publisher=Indiana War Memorial|accessdate=March 25, 2016}}</ref> Since the 1970 [[city-county consolidation]], known as [[Unigov]], local government administration has operated under the direction of an elected 25-member [[Indianapolis City-County Council|city-county council]], headed by the mayor. Indianapolis is considered a "high sufficiency" [[global city]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The World According to GAWC 2012|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2012t.html|publisher=GAWC|accessdate=August 10, 2015}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Indianapolis|Timeline of Indianapolis}}
In 1816, the year Indiana gained statehood, the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]] donated four sections of federal land to establish a permanent seat of state government.<ref>{{cite book|author=A. C. Howard|title=A. C. Howard's Directory for the City of Indianapolis: Containing a Correct List of Citizens' Names, Their Residence and Place of Business, with a Historical Sketch of Indianapolis from its Earliest History to the Present Day|publisher=A. C. Howard|year=1857|location=Indianapolis|page=3}} See also {{cite book|author=Hester Ann Hale|title=Indianapolis, the First Century|publisher=Marion County Historical Society|year=1987|location=Indianapolis|page=9}}</ref> Two years later, under the [[Treaty of St. Mary's]] (1818), the [[Lenape|Delaware]] relinquished title to their tribal lands in central Indiana, agreeing to leave the area by 1821.<ref name="Ency">{{cite book|last=Bodenhamer|first=David|author2=Robert Graham Barrows|author3=David Gordon Vanderstel|title=The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=1994|url=https://books.google.com/?id=bg13QcMSsq8C|isbn=0-253-31222-1}} p. 1042</ref> This tract of land, which was called the New Purchase, included the site selected for the new state capital in 1820.<ref>Brown, p. 1; ''Centennial History of Indianapolis'', p. 26; and Howard, p. 2.</ref>

The availability of new federal lands for purchase in central Indiana attracted settlers, many of them descendants of families from northwestern Europe. Although many of these first European and American setters were [[Protestantism|Protestants]], a large proportion of the early [[Irish people|Irish]] and [[Germans|German]] immigrants were [[Catholicism|Catholics]]. Few [[African American]]s lived in central Indiana before 1840.<ref>Baer, p. 10 and 58.</ref> The first [[European American]]s to permanently settle in the area that became Indianapolis were either the McCormick or Pogue families. The McCormicks are generally considered to be the town's first permanent settlers; however, some historians believe [[George Pogue]] and family may have arrived first, on March 2, 1819, and settled in a log cabin along the creek that was later called [[Pogue's Run]]. Other historians have argued as early as 1822 that [[John Wesley McCormick]], his family, and employees became the first European American settlers in area, settling near the [[White River (Indiana)|White River]] in February 1820.<ref>Brown, p. 2; ''Centennial History of Indianapolis'', p. 6; and Hale, p. 8.</ref>
[[File:Indianapolis in 1831.png|thumb|left|Map of Indianapolis in 1831.]]
On January 11, 1820, the [[Indiana General Assembly]] authorized a committee of ten commissioners to select a site in central Indiana for the new state capital.<ref>Hale, p. 9.</ref> The state legislature appointed [[Alexander Ralston]] and [[Elias Pym Fordham]] to survey and design a town plan for Indianapolis, which was platted in 1821.<ref>Hyman, p. 10, and {{cite journal |author=William A. Browne Jr. |title=The Ralston Plan: Naming the Streets of Indianapolis |journal=Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=8–9 |publisher=Indiana Historical Society |location=Indianapolis |date=Summer 2013}} Accessed March 25, 2016.</ref> Ralston had been a surveyor for the French architect [[Pierre L'Enfant]], and assisted him in laying out the plan for [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref name=IBrown3>Brown, p. 3.</ref> Ralston's original plan for Indianapolis called for a town of {{convert|1|sqmi|km2|adj=on}}. Indianapolis became a seat of county government on December 31, 1821, when [[Marion County, Indiana]], was established. A combined county and town government continued until 1832, when Indianapolis incorporated as a town. Indianapolis became an incorporated city effective March 30, 1847. [[Samuel Henderson (Indianapolis mayor)|Samuel Henderson]], the city's first mayor, lead the new city government, which included a seven-member city council. In 1853 voters approved a new city charter that provided for an elected mayor and a fourteen-member city council. The city charter continued to be revised as Indianapolis expanded.<ref>Brown, pp. 8, 46 and 49; ''Centennial History of Indianapolis'', p. 30; Esarey, v. 3, pp. 42–43 and 201–2; and {{cite book|author=David J. Bodenhamer and Robert G. Barrows, eds.|title=The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis|publisher=Indiana University Press|year =1994|location=Bloomington and Indianapolis|pages=1479–80|isbn=0-253-31222-1}}</ref> Effective January 1, 1825, the seat of state government relocated to Indianapolis from [[Corydon, Indiana]], and the Indiana General Assembly's first session in the new state capital began on January 10, 1825. In addition to state government offices, a [[United States district court|U.S. district court]] was established at Indianapolis in 1825.<ref>Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 967; Hale, p. 13; Howard, p. 26; and {{cite book|author=W. R. Holloway|title=Indianapolis: A Historical and Statistical Sketch of the Railroad City, A Chronicle of its Social, Municipal, Commercial and Manufacturing Progress with Full Statistical Tables|publisher=Indianapolis Journal|year=1870|location=Indianapolis}}</ref>

The became a fixture on the first major federally-funded highway in the U.S., the [[National Road]].<ref name=Hyman34-Baer11/> The first railroad to serve Indianapolis, the [[Jeffersonville, Madison and Indianapolis Railroad|Madison and Indianapolis]], began operation on October 1, 1847, and subsequent railroad connections fostered growth. Indianapolis was the home of the country's first [[Union Station (Indianapolis)|Union Station]], or common rail passenger terminal.
[[File:Camp Morton 1.JPG|thumb|left|Confederate [[prisoners of war|POWs]] at [[Camp Morton]] in 1864.]]
[[File:The Industries of the city of Indianapolis - the advantages offered for business location and the investment of capital (1889) (14777719121).jpg|thumb|The Marion County Courthouse in 1889.]]
During the [[American Civil War]], Indianapolis was loyal to the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] cause. [[Governor of Indiana|Governor]] [[Oliver P. Morton]], a major supporter of [[President of the United States|President]] [[Abraham Lincoln]], quickly made Indianapolis a rallying place for [[Union Army|Union army]] troops. On February 11, 1861, [[president-elect]] Lincoln arrived in the city, en route to Washington, D.C. for his [[First inauguration of Abraham Lincoln|presidential inauguration]], marking the first visit from a president-elect in the city's history.<ref>Holliday, p. 24; Dunn, ''Greater Indianapolis'', v. I, p. 217; and Leary, pp. 94–98.</ref> On April 16, 1861, the first orders were issued to form Indiana's first regiments and establish Indianapolis as a headquarters the state's volunteer soldiers.<ref>{{cite journal |author=John D. Barnhart |title=The Impact of the Civil War on Indiana |journal=Indiana Magazine of History |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=186 |publisher= Indiana University |location= Bloomington |date=September 1961 |url= http://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/imh/article/view/8814/11342|accessdate=October 15, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Joseph A. Parsons, Jr. |title=Indiana and the Call for Volunteers, April, 1861 |journal= Indiana Magazine of History |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=5–7 |publisher= Indiana University |location= Bloomington |date=March 1958 |url= http://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/imh/article/view/8576/10865|accessdate=October 20, 2015}}</ref> Within a week, more than 12,000 recruits signed up to fight for the Union.<ref>{{cite book|title=Indiana in the Civil War Era, 1850–1880|author=Emma Lou Thornbrough|series=History of Indiana|volume=III|page=124|isbn=0-87195-050-2|publisher=Indiana Historical Society|year=1995|location=Indianapolis}}</ref>

Indianapolis became a major railroad hub and transportation center during the war, establishing the city as an important military base.<ref>Leary, p. 99.</ref><ref name=Bod443>Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 443.</ref> An estimated 4,000 men from Indianapolis served in 39 regiments, and an estimated 700 died during the war.<ref>Leary, pp. 99, 113–14, and Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., pp. 441, 443.</ref> On May 20, 1863, Union soldiers attempted to disrupt a statewide Democratic convention at Indianapolis, forcing the proceedings to be adjourned, sarcastically referred to as the [[Battle of Pogue's Run]].<ref>Thornbrough, p. 202; Bodenhamer and Barrows, eds., p. 1121; and {{cite book|author=Kenneth M. Stampp|title=Indiana Politics During the Civil War|publisher=Indiana Historical Bureau|series=Indiana Historical Collections|volume=31|year=1949|location=Indianapolis|pages=199–201|OCLC=952264}}</ref> Fear turned to panic in July 1863, during [[Morgan's Raid]] into southern Indiana, but Confederate forces turned east toward [[Ohio]], never reaching Indianapolis.<ref>Barnhart, pp. 212-13, and {{cite book|title=Indianapolis and the Civil War|author=John Holliday|publisher=E. J. Hecker|year=1911|pages=58–59}}</ref> On April 30, 1865, Lincoln's funeral train made a stop at Indianapolis, where an estimated crowd of more than 100,000 people passed the assassinated president's [[bier]] at the [[Indiana Statehouse]].<ref name=Bod443/><ref name=Dunn237>Dunn, v. I, p. 237.</ref>
[[File:La course d'Indianapolis 1911.jpg|thumb|left|The [[1911 Indianapolis 500|inaugural Indy 500]] in 1911.]]
[[File:Crowd swarms streetcar in 1913 Indianapolis Streetcar Stirke.jpg|thumb|[[Indianapolis Street Car Strike of 1913]].]]
At the turn of the 20th century, Indianapolis had become a large automobile manufacturer. With roads leading out of the city in all directions, Indianapolis became a major hub of regional transport connecting to [[Chicago]], [[Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville]], [[Cincinnati]], [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], [[Detroit]], [[Cleveland]], and [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]], befitting the capital of a state whose nickname is the ''[[Crossroads of America]]''. The [[Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument (Indianapolis)|Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument]], dedicated on May 15, 1902, would later become the city's unofficial symbol.<ref>{{cite journal |author=James Philip Fadely |title=The Veteran and the Memorial: George J. Gangsdale and the Soldiers and Sailors Monument |journal=Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=33–35 |publisher= Indiana Historical Society |location=Indianapolis |date=Winter 2006}} Accessed March 26, 2016.</ref> The inaugural [[Indianapolis 500-Mile Race]] ({{cvt|500|mi|km|disp=out}}) was held May 30, [[1911 Indianapolis 500|1911]] at [[Indianapolis Motor Speedway]]. The [[Indianapolis Street Car Strike of 1913]] and subsequent police mutiny and riots was a breakdown in public order lasting one week. The strike led to the creation of the state's earliest labor-protection laws, including a [[minimum wage]], regular work weeks, and improved working conditions.<ref name=d1230>{{cite book|author=Dunn, Jacob Piatt|title=Indiana and Indianans|volume=Volume III|year=1919|publisher=American Historical Society|location=Chicago & New York|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OXUmzX6kE-4C|page=1230|authorlink=Jacob Piatt Dunn}}</ref>
[[File:RFK speech on MLK.png|thumb|[[Robert F. Kennedy]] delivers a [[Robert F. Kennedy's speech on the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.|speech]] in the wake of the [[assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.]] in 1968.]]
Indianapolis served as a stop on the [[Underground Railroad]], and up to the time of the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] in the early 20th century, the city had a higher black population (nearly 10%) than any other city in the [[Union (American Civil War)|Northern States]].<ref name="mumford.albany.edu">{{cite web |url= http://mumford.albany.edu/census/2003newspdf/jsonlineSeries/011403MURPHInjsonline.pdf |title=Indianapolis |format=PDF |accessdate=2011-11-08}}</ref> Led by [[D. C. Stephenson]], the [[Indiana Klan]] became the most powerful political and social organization in Indianapolis from 1921 through 1928, controlling City Council, the Board of School Commissioners, and the Board of County Commissioners. More than 40% of the native-born white males in Indianapolis claimed membership in the Klan. Race relations would continue to be a problem throughout the 20th century. Though Indianapolis abolished segregated schools before ''[[Brown vs. Board of Education]]'', the later action of court-ordered school desegregation busing by Judge [[Samuel Hugh Dillin]] proved controversial. On April 4, 1968, [[Robert F. Kennedy]] delivered a [[Robert F. Kennedy's speech on the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.|speech]] from the city, urging calm after the assassination of civil rights leader [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Morning Edition|url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=89365887|title=Robert Kennedy: Delivering News of King's Death|publisher=NPR|accessdate=July 1, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Higgins|first=Will|date=April 2, 2015|title=April 4, 1968: How RFK saved Indianapolis|url=http://www.indystar.com/story/life/2015/04/02/april-rfk-saved-indianapolis/70817218/|newspaper=The Indianapolis Star|accessdate=March 26, 2016}}</ref>

Under the mayoral administration of [[Richard Lugar]], the city and county governments restructured, consolidating most public services into a new entity called [[Unigov]]. The plan removed redundancies, captured an increasingly suburban tax base, and created a [[Republican]] [[political machine]] that dominated Indianapolis politics until the 2000s.<ref name="politics">{{cite news|last=Bradner|first=Eric|date=August 29, 2010|title=Indiana Democrats, African-Americans saw diminishing returns in 'Unigov'|url=http://www.indianaeconomicdigest.net/main.asp?SectionID=31&subsectionID=303&articleID=55914|newspaper=Evansville Courier & Press|accessdate=March 26, 2016}}</ref> On January 1, 1970, Indianapolis became the 11th-most populous city in the U.S. Amid the changes in government and growth, the city invested in an aggressive strategy to brand Indianapolis as a [[sport tourism]] destination. Under the administration of the city's longest-serving mayor, [[William Hudnut]] (1976–1992), millions of dollars were poured into sport facilities.<ref name="Naptown"/> Between 1979 and 1991, $122 million in public and private funding built the [[Indianapolis Tennis Center]], [[Major Taylor Velodrome]], [[Indiana University Natatorium]], [[IU Michael A. Carroll Track & Soccer Stadium|Carroll Track and Soccer Stadium]], and [[RCA Dome]].<ref name="Naptown"/> The latter project secured the [[Baltimore Colts relocation to Indianapolis|1984 relocation]] of the [[National Football League|NFL]] [[Baltimore Colts]] and the [[1987 Pan American Games]].<ref name="Naptown"/> The economic development strategy succeeded in revitalizing the central business district through the 1990s, with the openings of the [[Indianapolis Zoo]] (1988), [[Circle Centre Mall]] (1995), [[Victory Field]] (1996), and [[Bankers Life Fieldhouse]] (1999).

Entering the 21st century, the city and state continued investing heavily in infrastructure projects, including two of the largest building projects in the city's history: the $1.1 billion [[Indianapolis International Airport|Col. H. Weir Cook Terminal]] and $720 million [[Lucas Oil Stadium]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.airportservice.com/indianapolis-ind-airport|title=IND Airport|publisher=AirportService.com|accessdate=March 26, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lucasoilstadium.com/about.aspx|title=About Lucas Oil Stadium|publisher=Indiana Convention Center & Lucas Oil Stadium|accessdate=March 26, 2016}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Indy Skyline Riley.JPG|thumb|The tomb of [[James Whitcomb Riley]] in [[Crown Hill Cemetery]] overlooks the city, at an elevation of {{convert|842|ft|m|0}}.<ref name="MoveInAndOut.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.moveinandout.com/city_guide_for_moving_to_indianapolis_indiana.aspx|title=Guide for Moving to Indianapolis, Indiana|publisher=MoveInAndOut.com|accessdate=February 5, 2013}}</ref>]]
Indianapolis is in the [[East North Central States|East North Central region]] of the [[Midwestern United States]], in [[Central Indiana]]. According to the [[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]], the [[Indianapolis (balance)]], or portion of Marion County that is not part of another municipality, has a total area of {{convert|368.2|sqmi|km2}}–{{convert|361.5|sqmi|km2}} of which is land and {{convert|6.7|sqmi|km2}} is water. However, these figures do not represent the entire consolidated City of Indianapolis, whose total area covers about {{convert|373.1|sqmi|km2}}{{citation needed|date=December 2013}} and includes all of Marion County, with the exception of four communities: [[Beech Grove, Indiana|Beech Grove]], [[Lawrence, Indiana|Lawrence]], [[Southport, Indiana|Southport]], and [[Speedway, Indiana|Speedway]].<ref>{{cite web| title = Indiana InDepth Profile: Largest Cities and Towns in Indiana (35,000+)| work = | publisher = Indiana Business Research Center, Indiana University, Kelley School of Business | url = http://www.stats.indiana.edu/profiles/profiles.asp?scope_choice=a&county_changer=18000&button1=Get+Profile&id=2&page_path=Area+Profiles&path_id=11&panel_number=1 | accessdate = November 20, 2013}}</ref>

Indianapolis lies in the [[Southern Great Lakes forests]] [[ecoregion]], as defined by the [[World Wildlife Fund]]. Two natural waterways dissect the city: the [[White River (Indiana)|White River]] and [[Fall Creek (Indiana)|Fall Creek]]. Until the city's settlement and land-clearing efforts in the 19th century, a mix of [[deciduous]] forests and [[prairie]] covered much of the area.

Land within the city limits varies from flat to gently sloping, with variations in elevation from {{convert|700|ft|m|0}} to {{convert|900|ft|m|0}}. The city's mean elevation is {{convert|717|ft|m|0}}. Its highest point at {{convert|914|ft|m|0}} above sea level is in the northwest corner {{convert|400|ft|m|0}} south of the [[Boone County, Indiana|Boone County]] line and {{convert|400|ft|m|0}} east of the [[Hendricks County, Indiana|Hendricks County]] line.<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistics – Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)|url=http://www.imcpl.org/resources/guides/government/statistics/|publisher=The Indianapolis Public Library|accessdate=December 9, 2013}}</ref> Prior to the implementation of [[Unigov]], the highest point was at the tomb of famed [[Hoosier]] poet [[James Whitcomb Riley]] in [[Crown Hill Cemetery]], with an elevation of {{convert|842|ft|m|0}}.<ref name="MoveInAndOut.com"/> The lowest point, an approximate elevation of {{convert|680|ft|m|0}}, lies to the south at the Marion County–[[Johnson County, Indiana|Johnson County]] line. The city's highest hill is Mann Hill, a bluff along the White River in Southwestway Park that rises nearly {{convert|150|ft|m|0}} above the surrounding landscape. Indianapolis has a few moderately sized [[Hill|bluffs]] and [[valley]]s within the city, particularly along the waterways of the White River, Fall Creek, [[Geist Reservoir]], and [[Eagle Creek Park|Eagle Creek Reservoir]], and especially on the city's northeast and northwest sides.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}

===Cityscape===
{{See also|List of tallest buildings in Indianapolis}}
{{wide image|IN Indianapolis 1914a.jpg|900px|align-cap=center|Downtown Indianapolis circa 1914.}}
{{wide image|Panoram Indy.jpg|900px|align-cap=center|Indianapolis skyline in 2009, looking east ([[White River (Indiana)|White River]] at center).}}
{{wide image|NightPanoIndy.jpg|900px|align-cap=center|Indianapolis skyline at night in 2009, looking east.}}
[[File:Plat of the Town of Indianapolis.jpg|thumb|The original Mile Square plat by [[Alexander Ralston]].]]
The original plan of Indianapolis was a {{convert|1|sqmi|km2}} area, platted in 1821. This area, known as the Mile Square, is bounded by East, West, North, and South streets, with a circular street at Monument Circle, originally called Governor's Circle, in the city's center.<ref>{{cite journal| author =William A. Browne Jr. |title= The Ralston Plan: Naming the Streets of Indianapolis |journal =Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History |volume=25 |issue=3 | page =8 and 9 | publisher =Indiana Historical Society | location =Indianapolis | date =Summer 2013}} Accessed December 3, 2013.</ref> The original grid included the four diagonal streets of Massachusetts, Virginia, Kentucky, and Indiana avenues, which extend outward, beginning in the city block just beyond the Circle.<ref>Browne, p. 11 and 16.</ref> Other major streets in the Mile Square are named after states that were part of the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] when Indianapolis was initially planned (1820–21) and [[Michigan]], at that time a U.S. territory bordering Indiana to the north.<ref>Michigan did not enter the Union until 1837. See Browne, p. 9 and 17.</ref> Notable exceptions to the city's street names include: [[Washington Street (Indianapolis)|Washington Street]], an east–west street named in honor of [[George Washington]] or possibly in reference to [[Washington, D.C.]], the city on which the original plan of Indianapolis is based; [[Meridian Street (Indianapolis)|Meridian Street]], the north–south street that aligns with the 86W degree longitude, or meridian, and intersects the Circle; and Market Street, which intersects Meridian Street at Monument Circle and is named in the original design for the two city markets planned for the east and west sides of town.<ref>Brown, p. 9 and 10.</ref> Tennessee and Mississippi streets were renamed Capitol and Senate avenues in 1895.<ref>Browne, p. 17</ref> State government buildings, including the [[Indiana Statehouse]], the [[Indiana Government Center North]], and the Indiana Government Center South are west of the Circle, along these two major north–south streets. The city's street-numbering system begins one block south of the Circle, where Meridian Street intersects Washington Street (a part of the historic [[National Road]]).{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}

[[High-rise]] construction in Indianapolis started in 1888 with the {{convert|256|ft|m|0|sing=on}} Indiana Statehouse, followed by the {{convert|284|ft|m|0|sing=on}} [[Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument (Indianapolis)|Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument]] in 1898. However, because of a special ordinance disallowing building higher than the structure, the monument remained the highest structure until completion of the [[Indianapolis City-County Building|City-County Building]] in 1962. In the 1970s, economic activity decreased in the central business district, and downtown Indianapolis saw little new construction. By the 1980s, the city of Indianapolis reacted by developing plans to redefine the city's downtown and neighborhoods. New skyscrapers included the [[OneAmerica Tower]] (1982) and [[Chase Tower (Indianapolis)|Chase Tower]] (1990).

===Climate===
{{climate chart
| Indianapolis
|20.5|35.6|2.66
|23.9|40.2|2.32
|32.8|51.7|3.56
|42.7|63.4|3.81
|52.6|72.8|5.05
|62.1|81.9|4.25
|65.8|85.0|4.55
|64.4|84.0|3.13
|56.2|77.6|3.12
|44.7|65.3|3.12
|35.1|52.2|3.70
|24.4|38.9|3.17
|units = imperial
|float = right
|clear = both }}
{{multiple image
| align = left
| direction = vertical
| width = 225
| image1 = Carrilon.png
| width1 =
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Butler Winter 2015 04.jpg
| width2 =
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| header =
| header_align = 
| header_background =
| footer = Fall foliage (top) and a late-winter snow (bottom) on the [[Butler University]] campus.
| footer_align = 
| footer_background =
| background color =
}}

Indianapolis lies in the [[humid continental climate]] zone ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Dfa''), experiencing four distinct seasons.<ref>{{Cite journal |last = Kottek|first = Marcus|last2 = Greiser|first2 = Jürgen|last3 = Beck|first3 = Christoph|last4 = Rudolf|first4 = Bruno|last5 = Rubel|first5 = Franz|display-authors = 2|title = World Map of Köppen–Geiger Climate Classification|date = June 2006|journal = Meteorologische Zeitschrift|volume = 15|issue = 3|page = 261|doi = 10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130|publisher = E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung}}</ref> The city is located in [[Hardiness zone#United States hardiness zones|USDA hardiness zones]] 5b and 6a.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/InteractiveMap.aspx|title=USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture|date=|accessdate=January 16, 2016}}</ref> Summers are warm to hot and humid, with a July daily average temperature of {{convert|75.4|°F|1}}. High temperatures reach or exceed {{convert|90|°F|0}} an average of 18 days each year,<ref name=NOAA/> and occasionally exceed {{convert|95|°F}}. Spring and autumn are usually pleasant, if at times unpredictable; midday temperature drops exceeding {{convert|30|F-change|disp=or}} are common during March and April, and instances of very warm days ({{convert|80|°F|0|disp=or}}) followed within 36 hours by snowfall are not unusual during these months. Winters are cold, with an average January temperature of {{convert|28.1|°F|1}}. Temperatures dip to {{convert|0|°F|0}} or below an average of 4.7 nights per year.<ref name=NOAA/>

The rainiest months occur in the spring and summer, with slightly higher averages during May, June, and July. May is typically the wettest, with an average of {{convert|5.05|in|cm}} of precipitation.<ref name=NOAA/> Most rain is derived from thunderstorm activity; there is no distinct dry season, although occasional droughts occur. The city's average annual precipitation is {{convert|42.4|in|cm}}, with snowfall averaging {{convert|25.9|in|cm}} per season. Official temperature extremes range from {{convert|106|°F|0}}, set on [[1936 North American heat wave|July 14, 1936]],<ref name=IndyClimate>{{cite web| title =Indianapolis Climatological Information | work = | publisher =National Weather Service, Weather Forecast Office | url =http://www.crh.noaa.gov/ind/?n=localcli#day | accessdate =December 9, 2013}}</ref> to {{convert|-27|°F|0}}, set on [[1994 North American cold wave|January 19, 1994]].<ref name=IndyClimate/><ref name=TWC >{{cite web|url=http://www.weather.com/outlook/travel/businesstraveler/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/IND:9|title=Average Weather for Indianapolis International Airport, IN — Temperature and Precipitation |accessdate=June 28, 2010|publisher=The Weather Channel}}</ref>

{{Indianapolis weatherbox}}

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1840= 2695
|1850= 8091
|1860= 18611
|1870= 48244
|1880= 75056
|1890= 105436
|1900= 169164
|1910= 233650
|1920= 314194
|1930= 364161
|1940= 386972
|1950= 427173
|1960= 476258
|1970= 744624
|1980= 700807
|1990= 731327
|2000= 781926
|2010= 820445
|estyear=2014
|estimate=848788
|estref=<ref name="USCensusEst2014">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2014/SUB-EST2014.html|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014|accessdate=June 4, 2015}}</ref>
|align-fn=center
|footnote=<ref name=Quickfacts12/><ref name=CommunityInfo>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/community_facts.xhtml|title=American FactFinder – Community Facts|publisher=Factfinder2.census.gov|date=October 5, 2010|accessdate=January 14, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2011/tables/SUB-EST2011-03-18.csv|title=2011 estimate|accessdate=January 14, 2014}}</ref>
}}
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;"
|-
! Racial composition
!2014<ref>{{Cite web|title = American FactFinder - Results|url = http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=CF|website = factfinder.census.gov|access-date = 2016-01-12|first = U.S. Census|last = Bureau}}</ref>!! 2010<ref>{{cite web |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/18/1836003.html |title= Indianapolis (city (balance)), Indiana |work=State & County QuickFacts |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> !! 1990<ref name="census1">{{cite web|title=Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|url=http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html}}</ref> !! 1970<ref name="census1"/>
|-
| [[White American|White]]
|62.0%|| 61.8% || 75.8% || 81.6%
|-
| —Non-Hispanic
|58.6%|| 58.6% || 75.2% || 80.9%<ref name="fifteen">From 15% sample</ref>
|-
| [[African American|Black or African American]]
|27.9%|| 27.5% || 22.6% || 18.0%
|-
| [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] (of any race)
|9.6%|| 9.4% || 1.1% || 0.8%<ref name="fifteen"/>
|-
| [[Asian American|Asian]]
|2.4%|| 2.1% || 0.9% || 0.1%
|}

Indianapolis is the largest city in Indiana, with 12.8 percent of the state's total population.<ref name=StatsIndiana12>{{cite web| title = Indiana InDepth Profile: Largest Cities and Towns in Indiana (35,000+) | work = | publisher = Indiana Business Research Center, Indiana University, Kelley School of Business | url = http://www.stats.indiana.edu/profiles/profiles.asp?scope_choice=a&county_changer=18000&button1=Get+Profile&id=2&page_path=Area+Profiles&path_id=11&panel_number=1 | accessdate = November 20, 2013}}</ref> The U.S. Census Bureau considers Indianapolis as two entities, the consolidated city and the city's remainder, or balance. The consolidated city covers an area known as [[Unigov]] and includes all of [[Marion County, Indiana|Marion County]] except the independent cities of [[Beech Grove, Indiana|Beech Grove]], [[Lawrence, Indiana|Lawrence]], [[Speedway, Indiana|Speedway]], and [[Southport, Indiana|Southport]]. The city's remainder, or balance, excludes the populations of eleven semi-independent locales that are included in totals for the consolidated city.<ref name=StatsIndiana12/> The city's consolidated population for the year 2012 was 844,220.<ref name=StatsIndiana12/> The city's remainder, or balance, population was estimated at 834,852 for 2012,<ref name=Quickfacts12>{{cite web| title = Indianapolis (city (balance)), Indiana | work = | publisher =U.S. Census Bureau | url =http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/18/1836003.html | accessdate = November 20, 2013}}</ref> a 2 percent increase over the total population of 820,445 reported in the U.S. Census for 2010.<ref name="2010 census"/><ref name=Factfinder2>{{cite web | title =Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data for Indianapolis city (balance), Indiana | work = | publisher =U.S. Census Bureau | url = http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1&prodType=table| accessdate =November 20, 2013}}</ref> The city's population density, {{As of|2010|lc=y}}, was 2,270 persons per square mile.<ref name=Quickfacts12/>

The [[Indianapolis metropolitan area]] in central Indiana consists of [[Marion County, Indiana|Marion County]] and the adjacent counties of [[Boone County, Indiana|Boone]], [[Brown County, Indiana|Brown]], [[Hamilton County, Indiana|Hamilton]], [[Hancock County, Indiana|Hancock]], [[Hendricks County, Indiana|Hendricks]], [[Johnson County, Indiana|Johnson]], [[Morgan County, Indiana|Morgan]], [[Putnam County, Indiana|Putnam]], and [[Shelby County, Indiana|Shelby]]. {{As of|2012}} the Indianapolis metro area's population was 1,798,634, the largest in the state.<ref name=MetroStats12>{{cite web| title =Indianapolis-Carmel, IN Metro Area | work = | publisher =Indiana Business Research Center, Indiana University, Kelley School of Business | url =http://www.stats.indiana.edu/profiles/profiles.asp?scope_choice=b&county_changer2=Rmetro:26900 | accessdate = November 20, 2013}}</ref>

The [[Combined Statistical Area]] (CSA) of Indianapolis exceeded 2 million in an estimate from 2007, ranking it the twenty-third largest in the United States and seventh in the Midwest.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}} As a unified labor and media market, the Indianapolis [[Metropolitan Statistical Area]] (MSA) had a population of 1.83 million in 2010, ranking it the thirty-third largest in the United States and seventh largest in the Midwest.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}

According to the U.S. Census of 2010, 97.2 percent of the Indianapolis population was reported as one race: 61.8 percent [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 27.5 percent [[African American|Black or African American]], 2.1 percent [[Asian American|Asian]] (0.4 percent Burmese, 0.4 percent Indian, 0.3 percent Chinese, 0.3 percent Filipino, 0.1 percent Korean, 0.1 percent Vietnamese, 0.1 percent Japanese, 0.1 percent Thai, 0.1 percent other Asian); .3 percent [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]], and 5.5 percent as other. The remaining 2.8 percent of the population was reported as [[Multiracial American|multiracial]] (two or more races).<ref name=Factfinder2/> The city's [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] community comprised 9.4 percent of the city's population in the U.S. Census for 2010: 6.9 percent Mexican, .4 percent Puerto Rican, .1 percent Cuban, and 2 percent as other.<ref name=Factfinder2/>

Due to emigration resulting from the [[Yugoslav Wars]] in the 1990s, Indianapolis has more than 10,000 people from the former Yugoslavia.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}}

{{As of|2010}}, the median age for Indianapolis was 33.7 years. Age distribution for the city's inhabitants was 25 percent under the age of 18; 4.4 percent were between 18 and 21; 16.3 percent were age 21 to 65; and 13.1 percent were age 65 or older.<ref name=Factfinder2/> For every 100 females there were 93 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90 males.<ref>The U.S. Census for 2010 reports the female population for Indianapolis as 424,099 (323,845 were age 18 and over) and the male population as 396,346 (291,745 were age 18 and over). See {{cite web | title =Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data for Indianapolis city (balance), Indiana | work = | publisher =U.S. Census Bureau | url = http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1&prodType=table| accessdate =November 20, 2013}}</ref>

The U.S. Census for 2010 reported 332,199 households in Indianapolis, with an average household size of 2.42 and an average family size of 3.08.<ref name=Factfinder2/> Of the total households, 59.3 percent were family households, with 28.2 percent of these including the family's own children under the age of 18; 36.5 percent were husband-wife families; 17.2 percent had a female householder (with no husband present) and 5.6 percent had a male householder (with no wife present). The remaining 40.7 percent were non-family households.<ref name=Factfinder2/> {{As of|2010}}, 32 percent of the non-family households included individuals living alone, 8.3 percent of these households included individuals age 65 years of age or older.<ref name=Factfinder2/>

The U.S. Census Bureau's 2007–2011 American Community Survey indicated the median household income for Indianapolis city was $42,704, and the median family income was $53,161.<ref name=AmSurvey>{{cite web| title =Selected Economic Characteristics: 2007–2011 American Community Survey | work = | publisher =U.S. Census Bureau | url = http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_11_5YR_DP03 | accessdate =November 21, 2013}}</ref> Median income for males working full-time, year-round, was $42,101, compared to $34,788 for females. Per capita income for the city was $24,430, 14.7 percent of families and 18.9 percent of the city's total population living below the poverty line (28.3 percent were under the age of 18 and 9.2 percent were age 65 or older.<ref name=AmSurvey/>

Based on U.S. Census data from the year 2000 for the fifty largest cities in the United States, Indianapolis ranked eighth highest in a [[University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee]] study that compared percentages of residents living on [[African American|black]]-[[White American|white]] integrated city blocks. Latinos, Asians, and Native Americans were not factored into the rankings.<ref>In the largest cities of the [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]], Indianapolis had 24.4 percent of its residents living on black-white integrated city blocks. [[St. Louis, Missouri]], had the highest level of black-white integration, with 27 percent, and [[Chicago]] had the lowest at 6 percent. See {{cite web | author = Lois M. Quinn and John Pawasarat | title = Racial Integration in Urban America: A Block Level Analysis of African American and White Housing Patterns | work = | publisher = Employment and Training Institute, School of Continuing Education, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee | orig-year = December 2002 | date = January 2003 | url =http://www4.uwm.edu/eti/integration/integration.pdf | format =PDF| accessdate =November 20, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Murphy |first=Bruce |title=Indianapolis has come a long way, despite its ranking |url=http://mumford.albany.edu/census/2003newspdf/jsonlineSeries/011403MURPHInjsonline.pdf |format=PDF |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20060926182527/http://mumford.albany.edu:80/census/2003newspdf/jsonlineSeries/011403MURPHInjsonline.pdf |archivedate=September 26, 2006 |newspaper=[[Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel]] |accessdate=January 5, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www4.uwm.edu/eti/integration/integration.htm|title=Racial Integration in 100 Largest Metro Areas|publisher=.uwm.edu|date=August 8, 2002|accessdate=July 1, 2010}}</ref>

===Religion===
[[File:Christ Church Cathedral Indianapolis interior.png|thumb|[[Christ Church Cathedral (Indianapolis)|Christ Church Cathedral]], built in 1857, is Indianapolis' oldest place of worship in continuous use.]]
Of the 42.42% of the city's residents who identify as religious, [[Roman Catholic]]s make up the largest group, at 11.31%.<ref name="SBP"/> The second highest religious group in the city are [[Baptist]]s at 10.31%, with [[Methodist]]s following behind at 4.97%. [[Presbyterian]]s make up 2.13% of the city's religiously affiliated population, followed by [[Pentecostal]]s and [[Lutheran]]s. Another 8.57% are affiliated with other Christian faiths.<ref name="SBP"/> 0.32% of religiously affiliated persons identified themselves as following [[Eastern religion]]s, while 0.68% of the religiously affiliated population identified as [[Jewish]], and 0.29% as [[Muslim]].<ref name="SBP">{{cite web|url=http://www.bestplaces.net/religion/city/indiana/indianapolis|work=Sperling's Best Places|title=Indianapolis, Indiana Religion|accessdate=March 25, 2016}}</ref> According to the nonpartisan and nonprofit [[Public Religion Research Institute]]'s American Values Atlas, 22% of residents identify as religiously "unaffiliated," in line with the national average of 22.7%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ava.publicreligion.org/#religious/2015/MetroAreas/religion/16|work=Public Religion Research Institute|title=American Values Atlas|accessdate=March 25, 2016}}</ref>

Indianapolis is the seat of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Indianapolis]], as well as the seat of the [[Episcopal Diocese of Indianapolis]] with the [[Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral (Indianapolis)|Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral]] and [[Christ Church Cathedral (Indianapolis)|Christ Church Cathedral]], respectively.

==Economy==
[[File:Original Eli Lilly and Company laboratory in 1876.jpg|thumb|left|Pharmaceutical giant [[Eli Lilly and Company]] was founded in the city in 1876.]]
Encompassing $125.9 billion, the [[Indianapolis metropolitan area]] is the [[List of cities by GDP|26th-largest economy in the U.S. and 42nd-largest in the world]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/Content/Detail.asp?ReleaseID=3421&NewsAreaID=2|title=Global city GDP rankings 2008–2025|publisher=Pricewaterhouse Coopers|accessdate=January 17, 2016}}</ref> The largest industry sectors by employment in Indianapolis are manufacturing, health care and social services, and retail trade.<ref name="The Indianapolis Metro Area">{{cite web|url=http://www.incontext.indiana.edu/2005/mar-apr/articles/4_metro.pdf|title=The Indianapolis Metro Area|format=PDF|accessdate=July 1, 2010}}</ref> Compared to Indiana as a whole, the Indianapolis metropolitan area has a lower proportion of manufacturing jobs and a higher concentration of jobs in wholesale trade; administrative, support, and waste management; professional, scientific, and technical services; and transportation and warehousing.<ref name="The Indianapolis Metro Area"/>

{{As of|2015}}, three [[Fortune 500 companies]] were based in Indianapolis, including [[Anthem Inc.]] (38), [[Eli Lilly and Company]] (151), and [[Calumet Specialty Products Partners]] (457). [[Fortune 1000]] companies based in the Indianapolis metropolitan area included [[Simon Property Group]] (529), [[CNO Financial Group]] (608), [[hhgregg]] (914), and [[Allison Transmission|Allison Transmission Holdings]] (974).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geolounge.com/fortune-1000-companies-list-for-2015/|title=Fortune 1000 Companies List for 2015| publisher=Geolounge|accessdate=January 16, 2016}}</ref> Other notable companies based in Indianapolis include media conglomerate [[Emmis Communications]], retailers [[Finish Line, Inc.|Finish Line]], [[Lids (store)|Lids]], and [[Marsh Supermarkets]], [[Republic Airways Holdings]] (including [[Republic Airlines]] and [[Shuttle America]]),<ref>"[http://www.rjet.com/contactus.html Contact Us]." ''Republic Airways Holdings''. Retrieved on May 19, 2009.</ref> and restaurant chains [[Noble Roman's]], [[Scotty's Brewhouse]], and [[Steak 'n Shake]].
[[File:Veterans Memorial Plaza HDR Vertical Panorama.jpg|thumb|[[Chase Tower (Indianapolis)|Chase Tower]], the tallest office building in the city, looms over the [[Indiana World War Memorial Plaza]].]]
[[Biotechnology]], [[List of life sciences|life sciences]], and health care are a major sector of Indianapolis' economy. Besides the presence of Eli Lilly, the North American headquarters for [[Roche Diagnostics]] and [[Dow AgroSciences]] are located in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indychamber.com/files/9114/3990/6287/2015_Largest_Logistics_Companies.pdf|title=Largest Life Science Companies|publisher=Indy Chamber|accessdate=January 17, 2016}}</ref> A 2014 report by [[Battelle Memorial Institute]] and [[Biotechnology Industry Organization]] indicated that the Indianapolis–Carmel–Anderson MSA was the only U.S. metropolitan area to have specialized employment concentrations in all five bioscience sectors evaluated in the study: agricultural feedstock and chemicals; bioscience-related distribution; drugs and pharmaceuticals; medical devices and equipment; and research, testing, and medical laboratories.<ref>{{cite web|title=Battelle/BIO State Bioscience Jobs, Investments and Innovation 2014|url=http://www.bio.org/sites/default/files/Battelle-BIO-2014-Industry.pdf|accessdate=October 4, 2014}}</ref> The regional health care networks of [[St. Vincent Health]], [[Indiana University Health]], Community Health Network, and [[St. Francis Hospital & Health Centers|Franciscan St. Francis Health]] combine to employ some 43,700 people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indygo.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/CAFR-2014-FINAL-1a.pdf|title=Schedule 12: Principal Employers Current Year and Ten Years Ago|format=PDF|date=2014-12-31|accessdate=September 20, 2015}}</ref>

Indianapolis anchors Central Indiana's extensive transportation and logistics network, home to 1,500 distribution firms, employing 100,000 workers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indychamber.com/files/8714/3990/6002/2015_Indianapolis_Region_-_Logistics_Industry.pdf|title=Logistics Industry|publisher=Indy Chamber|accessdate=January 17, 2016}}</ref> [[Indianapolis International Airport]] is home to the second-largest [[FedEx Express]] hub in the world, employing 6,600.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indychamber.com/files/9114/3990/6287/2015_Largest_Logistics_Companies.pdf|title=Largest Logistics & Distribution Companies|publisher=Indy Chamber|accessdate=January 17, 2016}}</ref> Other major companies include [[Celadon Group]] and [[United Parcel Service]], with distribution centers for companies such as [[Amazon.com]], [[Coca-Cola]], [[CVS Caremark]], [[Express Scripts]], [[Foxconn]], Finish Line, [[Fastenal]], [[Monarch Beverage]], [[O'Reilly Auto Parts]], [[Ozburn-Hessey Logistics]], [[Pearson Education]], [[Target Corporation]], and [[Walmart]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indychamber.com/files/1014/1901/2371/Logistics_in_Brief.pdf|title=Logistics in Brief|publisher=Indy Chamber|accessdate=January 17, 2016}}</ref>

Indianapolis' storied history in [[auto racing]] has produced more than 500 motorsports companies and racing teams based in the region, employing some 10,000 workers. Italian [[IndyCar]] manufacturer [[Dallara]] opened in [[Speedway, Indiana|Speedway]] in 2012. Motorsports teams include [[Andretti Autosport]], [[Dreyer & Reinbold Racing]], [[CFH Racing]], [[John Force Racing]], [[Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing]], [[Schmidt Peterson Motorsports]], [[Schumacher Racing]], [[Target Chip Ganassi Racing]], and [[Vision Racing]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indychamber.com/files/3914/3990/6100/2015_Indianapolis_Region_-_Motorsports_Industry.pdf|title=Motorsports Industry|publisher=Indy Chamber|accessdate=January 17, 2016}}</ref>

Indianapolis is the fourth-fastest high-tech job growth area in the U.S., with 28,500 information technology-related jobs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indychamber.com/economic-development/digital-technology/|title=Digital Technology|publisher=Indy Chamber|accessdate=January 17, 2016}}</ref> at such companies as [[Angie's List]], [[BrightPoint]], [[Interactive Intelligence]], and [[Salesforce Marketing Cloud]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indychamber.com/files/3214/0862/3818/2012_Largest_IT_Companies.pdf|title=Largest IT Companies|publisher=Indy Chamber|accessdate=January 17, 2016}}</ref>

===Business climate===
In 2011, Indianapolis ranked sixth among U.S. cities as a retirement destination,<ref>{{cite news|author=William P. Barrett|url=http://blogs.forbes.com/williampbarrett/2011/03/23/the-best-retirement-places/|title=The Best Retirement Places – Forbes|work=Forbes|date=March 23, 2011|accessdate=August 29, 2011}}</ref> as
one of the best Midwestern cities for relocation,<ref>{{cite web|author=Newgeography.com|url=http://www.newgeography.com/content/001470-midwest-success-stories#comment-4831|title=Midwest Success Stories|publisher=Newgeography.com|date=March 18, 2010|accessdate=August 29, 2011}}</ref> best for rental property investing,<ref>{{cite web|last=Van|first=Rich|url=http://www.wthr.com/story/15508387/indy-tops-magazine-poll-for-real-estate-investing|title=Indy tops magazine polls for real estate investing – 13 WTHR Indianapolis |publisher=Wthr.com |accessdate=March 26, 2013}}</ref> and best in a composite measure that considered local employment outlook and housing affordability.<ref>{{cite web|author=Linda McMaken|url=http://finance.yahoo.com/news/5-Places-With-Good-Jobs-And-investopedia-2472407409.html?mwp_success=NONJS_POST_SUCCESS#mwpphu-container|title=5 Places With Good Jobs And Cheap Housing|publisher=Finance.yahoo.com|accessdate=August 29, 2011}}</ref> In 2013 the city ranked as the most cost-competitive market for corporate headquarters facilities in the U.S.,<ref>{{cite web|author=Ron Startner|url=http://www.siteselection.com/issues/2013/mar/corp-headquarters.cfm?s=ra|title=The Trust Belt|publisher=Conway Data|accessdate=May 14, 2013}}</ref> appeared on ''Forbes''' list of "Best Places for Business and Careers,"<ref>{{cite web|title=Best Places For Business and Careers – Forbes|url=http://www.forbes.com/best-places-for-business/|publisher=Forbes|accessdate=January 18, 2014}}</ref> and was named the most affordable housing market in the U.S.<ref>{{Cite web|title=5 least affordable housing markets (and most affordable ones, too)|url=http://money.cnn.com/gallery/real_estate/2013/11/14/affordable-housing-markets/6.html|website=CNNMoney|accessdate=January 14, 2016}}</ref> In 2014, Indianapolis was ranked second in best U.S. cities for culture,<ref>{{Cite web|title=The 20 Best US Cities For Culture - Page 20 of 22 - Business Insider|url=http://www.businessinsider.co.id/best-cities-for-culture-2014-8/20/#.VdNKslNVikp|website=Business Insider|accessdate=January 14, 2016}}</ref> and one of the top ten best U.S. cities to start a new career,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Top 10 Best Cities to Start a New Career|url=http://time.com/70569/new-career-cities/|website=TIME.com|accessdate=January 14, 2016|first=Dan|last=Kadlec}}</ref> In 2015, [[The Huffington Post]] ranked Indianapolis seventh in "America's Most Underrated Cities for Millennials" listing.<ref>{{Cite web|title=America's Most Underrated Cities for Millennials|url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/conde-nast-traveler/americas-most-underrated_b_7848848.html|website=The Huffington Post|accessdate=January 14, 2016}}</ref>

Municipal<ref>{{cite web|author=City of Indianapolis|url=http://www.indydt.com/SmallBusinessGuidebyDevelopIndy.pdf|title=Development Guide for Small Business|publisher=Develop Indy|accessdate=December 26, 2014}}</ref> and state<ref>{{cite web|author=Indiana Economic Development Corporation|url=http://iedc.in.gov/programs-initiatives|title=IEDC Programs and Initiatives|publisher=State of Indiana|accessdate=December 26, 2014}}</ref> government agencies offer incentives to startup firms and other small businesses in Indianapolis. Four facilities designated as ''Indiana Certified Technology Parks'' are located in the city: CityWay and Downtown Indianapolis Certified Technology Park/Indiana University Emerging Technologies Center, both in the downtown area; Intech Park, in [[Pike Township, Marion County, Indiana|Pike Township]]; and Purdue Research Park of Indianapolis – Ameriplex, in [[Decatur Township, Marion County, Indiana|Decatur Township]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Indiana Economic Development Corporation|url=http://iedc.in.gov/assets/files/Docs/Data%20Resources/2013%20Downloads/CertTechParks_10-13.pdf|title=List of Indiana Certified Technology Parks|publisher=State of Indiana|accessdate=December 26, 2014}}</ref>

==Culture==
[[File:Broad-Ripple.jpg|thumb|Nightlife in [[Broad Ripple Village]], one of seven designated cultural districts.]]
In 1999, Indianapolis designated six [[Indianapolis Cultural Districts|cultural districts]] to capitalize on the city's cultural institutions within historically significant neighborhoods unique to the city's heritage. These include [[Broad Ripple Village, Indianapolis|Broad Ripple Village]], [[Canal and White River State Park]], [[Fountain Square, Indianapolis|Fountain Square]], [[Indiana Avenue]], [[Massachusetts Avenue, Indianapolis|Mass Ave]], and [[Wholesale District, Indianapolis|Wholesale]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fountainsquareindy.com/about-us/location/|title=Location|publisher=The Fountain Square Theatre Building|accessdate=March 25, 2016}}</ref> A seventh cultural district, Market East, was designated in 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title=City christens Market East cultural district downtown|url=http://www.ibj.com/articles/47183-city-christens-market-east-cultural-district-downtown|newspaper=Indianapolis Business Journal|date=April 16, 2014|accessdate=March 25, 2016}}</ref> After 12 years of planning and six years of construction, the Indianapolis Cultural Trail: A Legacy of Gene and Marilyn Glick officially opened in 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title=In Indianapolis, a Bike Path to Progress|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/09/travel/in-indianapolis-a-bike-path-to-progress.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=March 4, 2014|accessdate=January 14, 2016|issn=0362-4331|first=Andrew|last=Simmons}}</ref> The $62.5 million [[public-private partnership]] resulted in {{convert|8|mi}} of urban bike and pedestrian corridors connecting six cultural districts with neighborhoods, [[IUPUI]], and every significant arts, cultural, heritage, sports, and entertainment venue downtown.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indyculturaltrail.org/alongthetrail/facts-and-figures/|title=Trail Facts|publisher=Indianapolis Cultural Trail Inc.|accessdate=March 25, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Foxio|url=http://www.indyculturaltrail.org/|title=Indianapolis Cultural Trail|publisher=Indyculturaltrail.org|date=June 16, 2013|accessdate=January 14, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.pps.org/blog/making-the-journey-a-destination-indianapolis-cultural-trail-debuts/|title=Project for Public Spaces|publisher=pps.org|date=May 10, 2013|accessdate=January 14, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Trail"/> A study by the [[Indiana University School of Public and Environmental Affairs|Indiana University Public Policy Institute]] found significant economic impacts from the Cultural Trail, including an increase in assessed property values by over $1 billion between 2008 and 2014.<ref name="Trail">{{cite journal|last=Burow|first=Sue|last2=Majors|first2=Jessica|date=March 2015|title=Assessment of the Impact of the Indianapolis Cultural Trail: A Legacy of Gene and Marilyn Glick|url=http://policyinstitute.iu.edu/uploads/PublicationFiles/15-C02%20CulturalTrail%20Assessment.pdf|accessdate=March 25, 2016}}</ref>

;Monuments
[[File:Soldiers and Sailors Monument Indianapolis.jpg|thumb|The [[Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument (Indianapolis)|Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument]] is the unofficial symbol of Indianapolis, depicted on the [[Flag of Indianapolis|city's flag]].]]
*[[Indiana World War Memorial Plaza]]
*[[Landmark for Peace Memorial]]
*[[Medal of Honor Memorial]]
*[[Project 9/11 Indianapolis]]
*[[Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument (Indianapolis)|Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument]]
*[[USS Indianapolis (CA-35)#Memorials|USS ''Indianapolis'' Memorial]]

;Other heritage and history attractions
*[[Benjamin Harrison Home]]
*[[Cole-Noble District]]
*[[Crown Hill Cemetery]]
*[[Indianapolis City Market]]
*[[James Whitcomb Riley Museum Home]]
*[[Lockerbie Square]]
*[[Madame Walker Theatre Center]]
*[[Morris-Butler House]]
*[[Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral (Indianapolis)|Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral]]
*[[Scottish Rite Cathedral (Indianapolis, Indiana)|Scottish Rite Cathedral]]

===Performing arts===
[[File:Teatro Indiana Repertory, Indianápolis, Estados Unidos, 2012-10-22, DD 02.jpg|thumb|Indiana Repertory Theatre in 2012.]]
*[[Beef & Boards Dinner Theatre]]
*[[Clowes Memorial Hall]]
*[[Hilbert Circle Theatre]]
*[[Indiana Repertory Theatre]]
*[[Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra]]
*[[Madame Walker Theatre Center]]
*[[Old National Centre]]
*[[Phoenix Theatre (Indianapolis)|Phoenix Theatre]]

===Museums===
[[File:TCMI interior.jpg|thumb|[[The Children's Museum of Indianapolis]] is the largest children's museum in the world (2010).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.childrensmuseums.org/about/facts.htm|title=The Association of Children's Museums website|publisher=Childrensmuseums.org|accessdate=August 29, 2011}}</ref>]]
[[File:Indianapolis Museum of Art - IMA (2592098617).jpg|thumb|[[Robert Indiana]]'s ''[[LOVE (Indianapolis)|LOVE]]'' at the IMA (2008).]]
*[[The Children's Museum of Indianapolis]]
*[[Colonel Eli Lilly Civil War Museum]]
*[[Eiteljorg Museum of American Indians and Western Art]]
*[[Herron School of Art]]
*[[Indiana Historical Society]]
*[[Indiana Medical History Museum]]
*[[Indiana State Museum]]
*[[Indianapolis Art Center]]
*[[Indianapolis Artsgarden]]
*[[Indianapolis Motor Speedway Hall of Fame Museum]]
*[[Indianapolis Museum of Art]]
*[[Indianapolis Museum of Contemporary Art]]
*[[James Whitcomb Riley Museum Home]]
*[[Kurt Vonnegut Memorial Library]]
*[[National Art Museum of Sport]]
*[[NCAA Hall of Champions]]

===Other points of interest===
*[[100 Acres: The Virginia B. Fairbanks Art and Nature Park]]
*[[Heslar Naval Armory]]
*[[Humane Society of Indianapolis]]
*[[Indianapolis Public Library]]
*[[Indianapolis Zoo]]
*[[Irvington Historic District (Indianapolis, Indiana)|Irvington Historic District]]
*[[Oldfields]]
*[[Slippery Noodle Inn]]
*[[St. Elmo Steak House]]
*[[White River Gardens]]
*[[White River State Park]]

===Conventions===
The {{convert|1300000|sqft|m2}} [[Indiana Convention Center]] hosts several notable events annually, including [[Gen Con]], the largest [[role-playing game]] convention in the North America (56,600 visitors),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gencon.com/press/2014recordattendance|title=Gen Con LLC – Gen Con Attributes Record-Breaking 2014 Numbers to Growing Partnership between Gamers and Indianapolis Community|work=gencon.com}}</ref> and the [[FDIC International]] Conference (35,000). The [[National FFA Organization]] Convention is hosted every three years in the city, bringing 55,000 attendees. Other conventions have included [[Star Wars Celebration|''Star Wars'' Celebration]] II and III, [[Pokémon]] U.S. National Championships, and the [[NFL Experience]] during [[Super Bowl XLVI]]. ''[[USA Today]]'' named Indianapolis the best convention city in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Best convention city: Indianapolis tops reader vote|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/destinations/2014/03/14/best-convention-city-10best-readers-choice/6377655/|website=USA TODAY|accessdate=January 14, 2016}}</ref>

===Organizations===
Indianapolis has evolved into a center for music. The city hosts Music for All, Inergy, Indy's Official Musical Ambassadors, the Percussive Arts Society, and the [[American Pianists Association]].<ref>[http://halftimemag.com/articles/07-2008/07-2008-features/indianapolis.html Indianapolis: The Center for the Music Arts?], [[Halftime Magazine]]. Retrieved July 24, 2008.</ref> [[Bands of America|Bands of America (BOA)]], a nationwide organization of high school marching, concert, and jazz bands, is headquartered in the city, along with the international headquarters of [[Drum Corps International]], a professional drum and bugle corps association.

Indianapolis is center for [[philanthropic foundations]] and nonprofits. Based in the city, the [[Lilly Endowment]] is among the world's largest private philanthropic foundations, with $7.3 billion. Indianapolis contains the national headquarters for 26 fraternities and sororities, many of which are congregated in the College Park area surrounding [[The Pyramids (Indianapolis)|The Pyramids]]. Indianapolis has been the headquarters of the [[Kiwanis International]] organization since 1982. The organization and its youth-sponsored Kiwanis Family counterparts, [[Circle K International]] and [[Key Club]] International, administer all their international business and service initiatives from Indianapolis.

===Festivals and events===
[[File:Race to Indy!.jpg|thumb|The [[OneAmerica 500 Festival Mini-Marathon|500 Festival]] parade is one of the nation's largest, regularly drawing 300,000 spectators.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.500festival.com/parade/history|title=Parade history|author=500 Festival|accessdate=March 25, 2016}}</ref>]]
The [[International Violin Competition of Indianapolis]], [[Indy Jazz Fest]], and the [[Drum Corps International]] World Championships are all held in Indianapolis.

The [[Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra]] has hosted an annual outdoor summer concert series at [[Conner Prairie]] called Marsh ''Symphony on the Prairie'' since 1982, featuring a variety of musical styles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianapolissymphony.org/3_2_12PrairieAnnouncement.pdf |accessdate=April 24, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807220901/http://www.indianapolissymphony.org/3_2_12PrairieAnnouncement.pdf |archivedate=August 7, 2012 }}{{dead link|date=February 2016|reason=404 on all pages}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

The city has an arts community that includes many fairs celebrating a wide variety of arts and crafts. They include the Broad Ripple Art Fair, Talbot Street Art Fair, Carmel Arts Festival, Indian Market and Festival, and the Penrod Art Fair.

Every May since 1957, Indianapolis has held the 500 Festival, a month of events including a mini marathon and a festival parade, the latter being the day before the [[Indianapolis 500]]. In May 2016, the Indianapolis 500 will celebrate its 100th running. 

Indianapolis is also home to the [[Indiana State Fair]] as well as the [[Heartland Film Festival]], the [[Indianapolis International Film Festival]], the Indianapolis Theatre Fringe Festival, the Indianapolis Alternative Media Festival, and the [[Midwest Music Summit]].

The [[Circle City Classic]] is one of America's top historically African-American college football games. This annual football game, held during the first weekend of October, is the showcase event of an entire weekend. The weekend is a celebration of cultural excellence and educational achievement while showcasing the spirit, energy and tradition of America's historically black colleges and universities.

One of the largest ethnic and cultural heritage festivals in Indianapolis is the Summer Celebration held by [[Indiana Black Expo]]. This ten-day national event highlights the contributions of African-Americans to U.S. society and culture and provides educational, entertainment, and networking opportunities to the over 300,000 participants from around the country.

During the month of June, the Indianapolis Italian Street Festival is held at Holy Rosary Church just south of downtown.

Indy's International Festival is held annually in November at the [[Indiana State Fairgrounds]]. Local ethnic groups, vendors and performers are featured alongside national and international performers.

Since 2006, in the months of March and October, Midwest [[Fashion Week]]<ref name="fashionWeekNuvo">{{cite web| url=http://www.nuvo.net/indianapolis/a-midwest-fashion-week-primer/Content?oid=2427208| title=A Midwest Fashion Week primer| work=NUVO| date=March 7, 2012| accessdate=March 15, 2012| author=Shoger, Scott}}</ref><ref name="mfwAboutUs">{{cite web| url=http://midwestfashionweek.com/about-us| title=Midwest Fashion Week About Us| accessdate=March 15, 2012}}</ref> takes place, promoting both local and national designers. Started by [[Berny Martin]] of Catou,<ref name=fashionWeekNuvo /><ref name=mfwAboutUs /> this event has grown to become a premier event in Indianapolis.

==Sports==
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{{Main|Sports in Indianapolis}}
{{see also|Sports in Indiana}}

The labels of ''The Amateur Sports Capital of the World'' and ''The Racing Capital of the World'' have both been applied to Indianapolis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indychamber.com/sportsrec.asp |title=About Indianapolis, Sports and Recreation |publisher=Greater Indianapolis Chamber of Commerce |date=June 11, 2008 |accessdate=June 11, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20080516024713/http://www.indychamber.com/sportsRec.asp |archivedate=May 16, 2008 }}</ref> The headquarters of the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association]] (NCAA), the main governing body for U.S. collegiate sports, is located in Indianapolis, as is the [[National Federation of State High School Associations]]. The city is home to the headquarters of three NCAA athletics conferences, the [[Horizon League]] ([[NCAA Division I|Division I]]), the [[Great Lakes Valley Conference]] ([[NCAA Division II|Division II]]), and the [[Heartland Collegiate Athletic Conference]] ([[NCAA Division III|Division III]]). The national offices for the governing bodies of several sports are located in Indianapolis, including [[USA Gymnastics]], [[USA Diving]], US Synchronized Swimming, and [[USA Track & Field]].

Indianapolis has hosted numerous sporting events, including the [[US Open Series]]' [[Indianapolis Tennis Championships]] (1988–2009), the [[2002 World Basketball Championships]], the [[Big Ten Football Championship Game]] (2011–present), [[Super Bowl XLVI]] (2012), and the [[1987 Pan American Games]]. Other notable annual sporting events include the [[Drum Corps International]] World Championships, and the Music for All [[Bands of America]] Grand National Championships. Starting in 2002, Indianapolis began hosting the [[Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament]] at [[Bankers Life Fieldhouse]], alternating years with the [[United Center]] in Chicago. From 2008 to 2012, Indianapolis was the sole city to host the tournament. Beginning in 2013, Chicago and Indianapolis began alternating again.<ref>{{cite web|author=InsideIndianaBusiness.com Report|url=http://www.insideindianabusiness.com/newsitem.asp?id=48042&ts=true|title=Big Ten Deal Could Mean Big Bucks – Newsroom – Inside Indiana Business with Gerry Dick|publisher=Insideindianabusiness.com|accessdate=August 29, 2011}}</ref> Indianapolis are set to host the Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Final Four in 2015, and the Women's in 2016.

Indianapolis is home to the [[OneAmerica 500 Festival Mini-Marathon]], the largest [[half marathon]] and seventh-largest running event in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web|title=Largest Races|url=http://www.runningusa.org/statistics/largest#top100|publisher=Running USA|accessdate=2012-05-06}}</ref> The mini-marathon is held the first weekend of May as part of the 500 Festival, leading up to the [[Indianapolis 500]]. {{As of|2013}}, the marathon had sold out for 12 consecutive years, with 35,000 participants.<ref name="2013 OneAmerica 500">{{cite news|url =http://www.500festival.com/news/oneamerica-500-festival-mini-marathon-sells-out-12th-consecutive-year|title=OneAmerica 500 Festival Mini-Marathon Sells Out for 12th Consecutive Year|publisher=500Festival.com|date=2013-04-01|accessdate=2013-07-17}}</ref>

Two [[Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada|major league]] sports teams are based in Indianapolis. The [[Indianapolis Colts]] of the [[National Football League]] (NFL) have been based in Indianapolis since relocating there in 1984, and play home games in [[Lucas Oil Stadium]]. The [[Indiana Pacers]] of the [[National Basketball Association]] (NBA) play home games at [[Bankers Life Fieldhouse]]; they began play in 1967 in the [[American Basketball Association]] (ABA) and joined the NBA when the leagues [[ABA-NBA merger|merged]] in 1976.

{{clear}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:100%;width:95%;text-align:center;line-height:135%"
|-
|+ colspan=7|Professional sports teams in Indianapolis
|-
! Team !! width=70 | Sport !! League !! Founded !! Venue (capacity) !! Attendance !! Championships
|-
| align=left | [[Indianapolis Colts]] || [[American football|Football]] || [[National Football League|NFL]] || 1984 || [[Lucas Oil Stadium]] (62,000) || 65,375<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/nfl/attendance|title=2014 NFL Football Attendance – National Football League – ESPN|work=ESPN.com}}</ref> || 1([[2006 NFL Season|2006]]) ([[Super Bowl XLI|XLI]])
|-
| align=left | [[Indiana Pacers]] || [[Basketball]] || [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] || 1967 || [[Bankers Life Fieldhouse]] (18,000) || 17,501 || 3''([[1970 ABA Playoffs|1970]])*, ([[1972 ABA Playoffs|1972]])*, ([[1973 ABA Playoffs|1973]])*''
|-
| align=left | [[Indy Eleven]] || [[Soccer]] || [[North American Soccer League|NASL]] ([[United States soccer league system|D2]]) || 2013 || [[IU Michael A. Carroll Track & Soccer Stadium|IU Michael A. Carroll Stadium]] (12,100) || 10,465 || ——
|-
| align=left | [[Indianapolis Indians]] || [[Baseball]] || [[International League|IL]] ([[Triple-A (baseball)|AAA]]) || 1902 || [[Victory Field]] (12,000) || 9,433 || 7**
|-
| align=left | [[Indiana Fever]] || [[Basketball]] || [[Women's National Basketball Association|WNBA]] || 2000 || Bankers Life Fieldhouse (18,000) || 7,900 || 1([[2012 WNBA season|2012]])
|-
| align=left | [[Indy Fuel]] || [[Hockey]] || [[ECHL]] || 2014 || [[Indiana Farmers Coliseum]] (6,300) || —— || ——
|-
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki> ''Pacers titles were ABA only.'' 
<nowiki>**</nowiki> ''Indians seven titles were in 1917, 1928, 1949, 1956, 1988, 1989 and 2000.''

===Auto racing===
{{Details|Indianapolis Motor Speedway}}
[[File:2008 Indy 500 video.ogv|thumb|The [[2008 Indianapolis 500]], the 92nd running of the race.]]
Indianapolis is a major center for [[automobile racing]]. Since 1911, [[Indianapolis Motor Speedway]] (IMS) has been the site of the [[Indianapolis 500]], an [[open wheel car|open-wheel]] automobile race held each [[Memorial Day]] weekend on a {{convert|2.5|mi|km}} oval track, the [[American Championship Car Racing|National Championship]] of [[open wheel car]] racing. The series' headquarters and many of its teams are based in the city. Indianapolis is so well connected with racing that it has inspired the name "IndyCar," used for both the competition and type of car used in it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oed.com/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/240983|title=Indy car|date=November 2010|work=[[Oxford English Dictionary]]|accessdate=December 6, 2010}}</ref> The Indy 500 is the largest single-day sporting event in the world, hosting more than 257,000 permanent seats.

IMS also hosts [[NASCAR]]'s highest attended event, the [[Sprint Cup Series]] [[Brickyard 400]] (1994–present),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/nascar/news?slug=ycn-8824925 |title=NASCAR records at the Brickyard 400 – NASCAR – Yahoo! Sports |publisher=Sports.yahoo.com |date=July 19, 2011 |accessdate=March 26, 2013}}</ref> the [[Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme|FIM]] [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing|MotoGP]] [[Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix|Red Bull Indianapolis Grand Prix]] (2008–present), and [[Verizon IndyCar Series]] [[Grand Prix of Indianapolis]] (2014–present). [[Lucas Oil Raceway at Indianapolis]] in nearby [[Hendricks County]], is home to the [[National Hot Rod Association|NHRA]] [[NHRA U.S. Nationals|U.S. Nationals]], the largest [[drag racing]] event in the world, held annually each [[Labor Day]] weekend.

==Parks and recreation==
[[File:Eagle Creek Lake - canoers (2670077908).jpg|thumb|Canoeing at [[Eagle Creek Park]], one of the largest municipal parks in the U.S.<ref name="Eagle Creek"/>]]
{{Details|List of parks in Indianapolis}}
Indy Parks and Recreation maintains nearly 200 parks covering {{convert|11246|acre|km2}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://parkscore.tpl.org/city.php?city=Indianapolis|title=Indianapolis, Indiana|work=The Trust for Public Land 2015 ParkScore Inedex|publisher=Trust for Public Land|accessdate=February 7, 2016}}</ref> [[Eagle Creek Park]] is the largest municipal park in the city and ranks among the largest urban parks in the U.S.<ref name="Eagle Creek">[http://www.indy.gov/EGOV/CITY/DPR/PARKS/Pages/parks.aspx Parks], City of Indianapolis</ref> Other notable parks include [[Broad Ripple Park|Broad Ripple]], [[Brookside Park (Indianapolis)|Brookside]], [[Irvington Historic District (Indianapolis, Indiana)#Parks|Ellenberger]], [[Garfield Park (Indianapolis)|Garfield]], [[Military Park (Indianapolis)|Military]], and [[Indiana World War Memorial Plaza#University Park|University]]. The city also operates more than a dozen nature preserves, such as [[Skiles Test Nature Park]]. Two [[state parks]] are located in Marion County: [[Fort Harrison State Park]] near [[Lawrence, Indiana|Lawrence]] and [[White River State Park]] downtown. In addition to the Cultural Trail, the city has developed several recreational trails. The [[Monon Trail]] and Pennsy Trail are [[rail trails]], while others follow the White River, Fall Creek, [[Pleasant Run Trail|Pleasant Run]], and [[Pogue's Run]]. [[Town Run Trail Park]] offers trails for mountain biking.

According to the [[Trust for Public Land]]'s 2015 ParkScore Index, Indianapolis ranks 73rd of the 75 largest U.S. cities in accessibility to public parks and open space, with some 67% of residents under served.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://parkscore.tpl.org/ReportImages/Indianapolis_IN.pdf|title=Indianapolis, Indiana|work=The Trust for Public Land 2015 ParkScore Index|publisher=Trust for Public Land|accessdate=February 7, 2016}}</ref>

Indianapolis has an [[urban forestry]] program that has been recognized by the [[National Arbor Day Foundation]]'s [[Tree City USA]] standards since 1988. The city's Youth Tree Program plants 2,000 trees each year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.arborday.org/generalinfo/annualreport/documents/2015-annual-report.pdf|title=Annual Report 2015|publisher=Arbor Day Foundation|accessdate=February 7, 2016}}</ref>

==Law and government==
{{Main|Government of Indianapolis|List of mayors of Indianapolis}}
Indianapolis has a [[consolidated city-county]] government known as [[Unigov]]. Under this system, many functions of the city and county governments are consolidated, though some remain separate. The city has a [[mayor-council]] form of government.

The executive branch is headed by an elected mayor, who serves as the chief executive of both the city and Marion County. The current [[List of mayors of Indianapolis|Mayor of Indianapolis]] is [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] [[Joe Hogsett|Joseph H. Hogsett]]. The mayor appoints deputy mayors, city department heads, and members of various boards and commissions. The legislative body for the city and county is the [[Indianapolis City-County Council|City-County Council]], consisting of 25 members all of whom represent geographic districts. Following the [[Indianapolis City-County Council elections, 2015|2015 elections]], Democrats held a 13–12 majority over Republicans. The council passes ordinances for the city and county and also makes appointments to certain boards and commissions.

With the exception of the [[United States District Court for the Southern District of Indiana]], all of the courts of law in Indianapolis are part of the Indiana state court system. The Marion Superior Court is the [[court of general jurisdiction]]. The 35 judges on the court hear all criminal, juvenile, probate, and traffic violation cases, as well as most civil cases. The Marion Circuit Court hears certain types of civil cases. Small claims cases are heard by [[Small claims court|Small Claims Courts]] in each of Marion County's nine townships. The [[Indiana Court of Appeals|Appeals Courts]] and the [[Indiana Supreme Court]] meet in the [[Indiana Statehouse]].

Most of Indianapolis is within the [[Indiana's 7th congressional district|7th Congressional District of Indiana]], represented by Democrat [[André Carson]]. Northern portions of the city are in the [[Indiana's 5th congressional district|5th District]], represented by Republican [[Susan Brooks]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The National Atlas|url=http://nationalatlas.gov/printable/congress.html|publisher=nationalatlas.gov|accessdate=February 22, 2014}}</ref>

===Politics===
Until the late-1990s, Indianapolis was considered to be one of the most [[Conservatism in the United States|conservative]] metropolitan areas in the U.S., but this trend has reversed recently. [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]s had held the majority in the [[Indianapolis City-County Council|City-County Council]] for 36 years, and the city had a Republican mayor for 32 years (1967–1999).<ref name="politics"/> Unigov's absorption of Republican-leaning townships outside the city proper is considered the reason for this shift.<ref name="politics"/> More recently, Republicans have generally been stronger in the southern and western parts ([[Decatur Township, Marion County, Indiana|Decatur]], [[Franklin Township, Marion County, Indiana|Franklin]], [[Perry Township, Marion County, Indiana|Perry]], and [[Wayne Township, Marion County, Indiana|Wayne]], townships) of the county, whereas Democrats have been stronger in the central and northern parts ([[Center Township, Marion County, Indiana|Center]], [[Pike Township, Marion County, Indiana|Pike]], and [[Washington Township, Marion County, Indiana|Washington]] townships). Republican and Democratic prevalence is split in [[Warren Township, Marion County, Indiana|Warren]] and [[Lawrence Township, Marion County, Indiana|Lawrence]] townships.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indystar.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080315/NEWS05/803150480&GID=nIq1uOP+A3cbqZSZNGuHlLASClyMUoB2zZgnAmgB4lo%3D|title=Voter turnout a key factor in Carson win|publisher=The Indianapolis Star|date=March 15, 2008|accessdate=March 15, 2008|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20090314010203/http://www.indystar.com:80/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080315/NEWS05/803150480&GID=nIq1uOP+A3cbqZSZNGuHlLASClyMUoB2zZgnAmgB4lo%3D|archivedate=March 14, 2009}}{{dead link|date=March 2016|reason=failed bot fix}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In the [[2008 US presidential election|2008 presidential election]], Democrat [[Barack Obama]] earned 64% of voter support in Marion County, compared with 35% for Republican [[John McCain]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.in.gov/apps/sos/election/general/general2008?page=district&countyID=32&officeID=36&districtID=937&candidate=|title=Indiana General Election November 4, 2008, by County|publisher=Indiana Secretary of State|date=November 4, 2008|accessdate=November 7, 2008}}</ref> In the [[2012 US presidential election|2012 presidential election]] Obama again performed strongly, defeating Republican presidential challenger [[Mitt Romney]] 60% to 38%.

Republican [[Greg Ballard]] chose not to run for re-election in [[Indianapolis mayoral election, 2015|the 2015 mayoral election]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Adams|first1=Matt|title=Ballard pledges "we will keep working to the end," decides against third term|url=http://fox59.com/2014/11/06/indianapolis-mayor-greg-ballard-formally-announces-decision-not-to-run-for-re-election/|accessdate=4 November 2015|work=Fox59|agency=Fox|date=November 6, 2014}}</ref> Vying to replace him was Republican Chuck Brewer and Democrat [[Joe Hogsett]]. The candidates had similar plans for addressing the city's issues, and the commonality between them contributed to a very low voter turnout.<ref name=PollsClosed>{{cite news|last1=Buckley|first1=Madeline|title=Polls are closed in Indiana|url=http://www.indystar.com/story/news/politics/2015/11/03/what-you-need-know-tuesdays-election/74753360/|accessdate=November 4, 2015|work=Indianapolis Star|date=November 3, 2015}}</ref> Hogsett had previously held public office in Indiana as [[Indiana Secretary of State|Secretary of State]], and had served in government for over 30 years, giving him greater name recognition than Brewer, a local restaurateur.<ref name=Hogsett>{{cite news|last1=Evans|first1=Tim|title=Hogsett cruises to victory with impressive win in Indy mayor's race|url=http://www.indystar.com/story/news/2015/11/03/hogsett-has-early-lead/74814458/|accessdate=November 4, 2015|work=Indianapolis Star|date=November 4, 2015}}</ref> Hogsett was elected with 63% of the vote, officially taking office on January 1, 2016.<ref name=Hogsett /> The election also left Democrats in control of the City-County Council, only the second time since the creation of Unigov that Democrats controlled both the mayor's office and council.<ref name=DemControl>{{cite web|url=http://www.indystar.com/story/news/2015/11/03/hogsett-has-early-lead/74814458/ |title=Hogsett cruises to victory with impressive win in Indy mayor's race|publisher=The Indianapolis Star|date=November 4, 2015|accessdate=November 5, 2015}}</ref>

===Public safety===
[[File:Indianapolis Metropolitan police cruiser 1.jpg|thumb|An IMPD cruiser in 2008.]]
The [[Indianapolis Fire Department]] provides fire protection services for six townships in Marion County (Washington, Lawrence, Center, Warren, Perry, and Franklin), plus portions of the other three townships including Indianapolis' pre-Unigov boundaries. Indianapolis and [[Marion County, Indiana|Marion County]] historically maintained separate police agencies: the [[Indianapolis Police Department]] and Marion County Sheriff's Department. On January 1, 2007, a new agency, the [[Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department]], was formed by merging the two departments. [[Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department|IMPD]] is a separate agency, as the Sheriff's Department maintains jail and court functions. IMPD has jurisdiction over those portions of Marion County not explicitly covered by the police of an excluded city or by a legacy pre-Unigov force. As of March 29, 2016, IMPD is headed by Troy Riggs, the chief of police who reports directly to the mayor. IMPD was formerly under the leadership of the Sheriff of Marion County, [[Frank J. Anderson]] prior to his retirement in January 2011. The Sheriff remains in charge of the County Jail and security for the City-County Building, service of warrants, and certain other functions. The Sheriff must be consulted, but does not have final say, on the appointment of the public safety director or police chief.<ref>{{cite web|title=Council vote gives Ballard IMPD control|publisher=The Indianapolis Star|url=http://www.indystar.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=2008302120002|date=April 3, 2008|accessdate=February 15, 2008|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20090314005356/http://www.indystar.com:80/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=2008302120002|archivedate=March 14, 2009}}</ref>

====Crime====
In the late 1990s, violent crimes in [[inner city]] neighborhoods located within the pre-Unigov city limits peaked. The former Indianapolis Police District (IPD), which serves about 37 percent of the county's total population and has a geographic area covering mostly the old pre-consolidation city limits, recorded 130 homicides in 1998 to average approximately 40.3 homicides per 100,000 people. This is over six times the 1998 national homicide average of 6.3 per 100,000 people.{{Citation needed|date=October 2011}} Meanwhile, the former Marion County Sheriff's Department district serving the remaining 63% of the county's population, which includes the majority of the residents in the Consolidated City, recorded only 32 homicides in 1998, averaging about 5.9 murders per 100,000 people, slightly less than the 1998 national homicide average. Homicides in the IPD dropped dramatically in 1999 and have remained lower through 2005. In 2005, the IPD recorded 88 homicides to average 27.3 homicides per 100,000 people; nonetheless, the murder rate in the IPD is still almost 5 times the 2005 national average. In 2007, city leaders such as Sheriff [[Frank J. Anderson]] and former Mayor [[Bart Peterson]] held rallies in neighborhoods in effort to stop the violence in the city. The murder rate in Indianapolis has been increasing in recent years. Between 2012 and 2014 the murder rate jumped 44%. There were 138 homicides in 2014 and 60% of victims were young black men.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indianapolis: Tensions Stir As Murder Rate Surges |url=http://news.wsiu.org/post/indianapolis-tensions-stir-murder-rate-surges |date=April 28, 2015 |work=[[WSIU (FM)|WSIU]] |publisher=[[NPR]] |access-date=January 22, 2016}}</ref>

The immediate downtown area of the city around most main attractions, venues, and museums remain relatively safe. IMPD uses horseback officers and bicycle officers to patrol downtown. Certain areas of Indianapolis remain a challenge for law enforcement officials. Indianapolis was ranked as the 33rd most dangerous city in the U.S. in the 2008–2009 edition of [[CQ Press]]'s ''City Crime Rankings'' and the 22nd most dangerous city according to [[Yahoo! Finance]] in 2012.<ref>{{cite book|editors=Kathleen O'Leary Morgan, Scott Morgan, Rachel Boba|title=City Crime Rankings 2008–2009|year=2008|publisher=[[CQ Press]]|url=http://os.cqpress.com/citycrime2008/citycrime2008.htm|isbn=978-0-87289-932-2|author=Kathleen O'Leary Morgan and Scott Morgan, editors}} Retrieved on January 2, 2009.</ref><ref name="Yahoo! Finance">{{cite book|title=The 25 Most Dangerous Cities in America|year=2012|publisher=[[Yahoo!|Yahoo! Finance]]|url=http://finance.yahoo.com/news/the-25-most-dangerous-cities-in-america.html?page=all|isbn=978-0-87289-932-2|author=Abby Rogers}} Retrieved on November 3, 2012.</ref> Yahoo! Finance also reported that the city averaged 52.2 forcible rapes per 100,000 people. The national average stands at 26.8 forcible rapes per 100,000 people.<ref name="Yahoo! Finance"/>

==Education==
{{Main|List of schools in Indianapolis}}

===Primary and secondary education===
Indianapolis has eleven unified public school districts (eight township educational authorities and three legacy districts from before the unification of city and county government), each of which providing primary, secondary, and adult education services within its boundaries. The boundaries of these districts do not exactly correspond to township (or traditional) boundaries, but rather cover the areas of their townships that were outside the pre-[[Unigov]] city limits. [[Indianapolis Public Schools]], which serves what was the city of Indianapolis prior to the Unigov merger, is the second-largest school corporation in Indiana.

The [[Archdiocese of Indianapolis]] operates four private high schools: [[Bishop Chatard High School|Bishop Chatard]], [[Roncalli High School (Indiana)|Roncalli]], [[Cardinal Ritter High School|Cardinal Ritter]], and [[Scecina Memorial High School|Scecina Memorial]]. Other private schools include [[Brebeuf Jesuit Preparatory School|Brebeuf Jesuit]], [[Park Tudor School|Park Tudor]], [[Cathedral High School (Indianapolis)|Cathedral]] and [[Heritage Christian School (Indianapolis)|Heritage Christian]].

===Higher education===
[[File:Campus Center - IUPUI - DSC00526.JPG|thumb|[[Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis|IUPUI]]'s Campus Center in 2011.]]
[[File:Jordan435.png|thumb|[[Arthur Jordan Memorial Hall]] on the campus of [[Butler University]].]]
[[Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis]] (IUPUI) was founded in 1969 after merging the branch campuses [[Indiana University Bloomington]] and [[Purdue University]]. IUPUI's enrollment is currently 30,000, making it the third largest campus for higher learning in Indiana. IUPUI is the flagship university for five Indiana University schools, including the [[Herron School of Art and Design]], [[Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law|Robert H. McKinney School of Law]], [[Indiana University School of Dentistry|School of Dentistry]], and the [[Indiana University School of Medicine|School of Medicine]]. [[Ivy Tech Community College of Indiana]], a state-funded community college, was founded as Indiana Vocational Technical College in 1963. In 2008, Ivy Tech became the state's largest community college system, surpassing Indiana University in enrollment.<ref>{{cite news|last=Soderlund|first=Kelly|title=Ivy Tech grows to biggest state college|url=http://www.journalgazette.net/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20081211/LOCAL04/812110306/1026/LOCAL04|accessdate=March 26, 2013|newspaper=The Journal Gazette|date=December 12, 2011|location=Fort Wayne, Indiana}}</ref> With 30 campuses across Indiana, Ivy Tech has a total enrollment of over 174,000 as of the 2010–2011 school year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ivytech.edu/institutional-research/enrollment/FINAL_10-11_headcount.pdf |title=Ivy Tech Community College Institutional Progress Report 2010-11 |accessdate=November 27, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20120602005256/http://ivytech.edu/institutional-research/enrollment/FINAL_10-11_headcount.pdf |archivedate=June 2, 2012 }}</ref>

Indianapolis is home to three [[private universities]]. Established in 1855, [[Butler University]] is the oldest higher education institution in the city and has a student enrollment of about 4,400, and offers over 60 major academic fields of study, eight pre-professional programs, and 19 graduate programs through six academic colleges. [[Marian University (Indiana)|Marian University]] was founded in 1936 when St. Francis Normal and Immaculate Conception Junior College merged. The college moved to Indianapolis in 1937. Marian is currently affiliated with the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. Marian has an enrollment of about 2,400 students. The [[University of Indianapolis]] is affiliated with the [[United Methodist Church]]. Founded in 1902 as Indiana Central University, the school's current enrollment is approximately 5,000 students. The University of Indianapolis prides itself on its teaching and nursing programs, as well as its opportunities to study abroad.

Other institutions of higher education include [[Martin University]] and [[The Art Institute of Indianapolis]]. Satellite campuses include [[Ball State University College of Architecture and Planning]]'s Indianapolis Center, [[Indiana Institute of Technology]], [[Lincoln Group of Schools|Lincoln College of Technology]], [[Oakland City University]], [[University of Phoenix]], and [[Vincennes University]]'s Aviation Technology Center, [[Harrison College (Indiana)|Harrison College]], and the [[American College of Education]].

===Libraries===
[[File:IMCPL Central Library Atrium.jpg|thumb|Central Library (pictured) is the hub of [[Indianapolis Public Library]]'s 22-branch system.]]
Public library services are provided to the citizens of Indianapolis and Marion County by the [[Indianapolis Public Library]]. Founded in 1873, the public library system includes the Central Library and 22 branches throughout Marion County. The renovated Central Library building opened on December 9, 2007, ending a controversial multi-year rebuilding plan.<ref name=Library>{{cite news |last=Swiatek |first=Jeff |title=Storybook ending?: Next chapter in Central Library saga could yield a commercial boom for surrounding area |url=http://www.indystar.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=2007712220380 |date=December 21, 2007 |newspaper=[[Indianapolis Star]] |subscription=yes |access-date=January 5, 2016}}</ref> Indianapolis Public Library served 4.2 million patrons in 2014, with a circulation of 15.9 million materials.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indypl.org/about/glance/|title=Library at a Glance|publisher=Indianapolis Public Library|accessdate=January 16, 2016}}</ref>

==Media==
{{Main|Media in Indianapolis}}
Broadcast television network affiliates include [[WTTV]] (CBS),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbs4indy.com/|title=CBS4Indy|publisher=CBS4Indy.com|accessdate=January 4, 2015}}</ref> [[WRTV]] (ABC),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theindychannel.com/|title=Indianapolis News, Indianapolis, Indiana News, Weather, and Sports — WRTV Indianapolis's Channel 6|publisher=Theindychannel.com|date=January 7, 2010|accessdate=July 1, 2010}}</ref> [[WISH-TV]] (CW),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wishtv.com/|title=Indianapolis, Indiana News Weather & Traffic|publisher=WISHTV.com|accessdate=July 1, 2010}}</ref> [[WTHR-TV]] (NBC),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wthr.com/|title=13 WTHR — Indianapolis News | Indiana Weather | Sports|publisher=Wthr.com|accessdate=July 1, 2010}}</ref> [[WXIN-TV]] (Fox),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fox59.com/|title=Indiana News: Indiana News, Indiana Weather, Indiana School Delays and Indianapolis Traffic from your Fox Indiana Station, Fox 59 – WXIN|publisher=Fox59.com|accessdate=July 1, 2010}}</ref> [[WFYI (TV)|WFYI-TV]] (PBS),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wfyi.org/|title=WFYI Indianapolis|publisher=Wfyi.org|date=July 9, 1962|accessdate=July 1, 2010}}</ref> [[WNDY-TV]] (MyNetworkTV),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.myndytv.com/|title=MyIndyTV.com|publisher=MyIndyTV.com|accessdate=November 30, 2013}}</ref> and [[WDNI-CD]] (Telemundo).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telemundoindy.com/|title=Telemundo Indy|publisher=Telemundo Indy|accessdate=November 30, 2013}}</ref> In 2009, Indianapolis was the 25th largest media market in the United States, with over 1.1 million homes.

''[[The Indianapolis Star]]'' serves as the city's primary morning daily newspaper, with a weekday circulation of 255,303 and Sunday circulation of 324,349. Other publications include ''[[Indianapolis Recorder|The Indianapolis Recorder]]'', a weekly newspaper serving the local [[African-American]] community, ''[[Indianapolis Monthly]]'', ''[[Indianapolis Women's Magazine]]'', ''[[Indy Men's Magazine]]'', and ''[[NUVO (newspaper)|NUVO]]''. Indianapolis is also corporate headquarters of media conglomerate [[Emmis Communications]]. The company owns radio stations and magazines in the United States, [[Hungary]], [[Slovakia]], and [[Bulgaria]].

==Infrastructure==

===Transportation===
[[File:Union Station - Ind tower.JPG|thumb|Clock tower of [[Indianapolis Union Station]], the first [[union station]] in the world.<ref name="Union Station">{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/indianapolis/unionstation.htm|title=Indianapolis Union Railroad Station|work=Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary|publisher=National Park Service|location=Washington, D.C.|accessdate=August 11, 2015}}</ref>]]
{{Main|Transportation in Indianapolis}}
Indianapolis was founded on the [[White River (Indiana)|White River]] under an incorrect assumption that it would serve as a major transportation artery, but the river proved difficult to navigate and too shallow during much of the year.<ref name=Hyman34-Baer11>Baer, p. 11, and Hyman, p. 34.</ref> After the steamboat ''Robert Hanna'' ran aground along the river in 1831, no steamboat successfully returned to Indianapolis. Flatboats continued to transport goods along a portion of the river until new dams impeded their ability to navigate its waters.<ref>Brown, p. 20, and {{cite book|author=Edward A. Leary|title=Indianapolis: The Story of a City|publisher=Bobbs-Merrill|year=1971|location=Indianapolis|page=35|url=|isbn=}}</ref> The first major federally-funded highway in the U.S., the [[National Road]], reached Indianapolis in 1836,<ref name=Hyman34-Baer11/> followed by the railroad in 1847. By 1850, eight railroads converged in the city, ending its isolation from the rest of the country and ushering in a new era of growth.<ref>Bodenhamer and Barrows, p. 1480; Brown, pp. 34 and 52–53; Hale, p. 21; and ''Indianapolis, A Walk Through Time'', p. 13.</ref> [[Indianapolis Union Station]] opened in the [[Wholesale District, Indianapolis|Wholesale District]] on September 20, 1853 as the world's first [[union station]].<ref name="Union Station"/> Citizen's Street and Railway Company was established in 1864, operating the city's first [[Streetcar#Horse-drawn|mule-drawn streetcar]] line.<ref name=Brown50>Brown, p. 50.</ref><ref name=Sulgrove134-426>Sulgrove, pp. 134, 424–26.</ref> By 1890, electric-powered streetcars began running.<ref>Hale, p. 54.</ref> Opened in 1904, the [[Indianapolis Traction Terminal]] was the largest [[interurban]] station in the world, handling 500 trains daily and seven million passengers annually.<ref name=indygo>{{cite news|title=Transportation in Indianapolis: then and now|url=http://www.indygo.net/pages/local-transit-history|accessdate=August 28, 2014|agency=Indianapolis Public Transportation Corporation}}</ref> Ultimately doomed by the automobile, the terminal closed in 1941, followed by the streetcar system in 1957.<ref name="Streetcar">{{cite news|last1=O'Malley|first1=Chris|title=Backer seek support for 2-mile streetcar line downtown|url=http://www.ibj.com/articles/29171-backers-seek-support-for-2-mile-streetcar-line-downtown|accessdate=February 7, 2016|work=Indianapolis Business Journal|date=August 27, 2011}}</ref>
[[File:Illinois and Washington Sts., Indianapolis cph.3a00173.jpg|thumb|left|"One of the busiest corners in the world," Illinois at [[Washington Street (Indianapolis)|Washington]] streets.]]
Known as the ''[[Crossroads of America]]'', Indianapolis is intersected by four [[Interstate Highway System|Interstates]]: [[Interstate 65 in Indiana|Interstate 65]], [[Interstate 69 in Indiana|Interstate 69]], [[Interstate 70 in Indiana|Interstate 70]], and [[Interstate 74]]. An auxiliary beltway, [[Interstate 465]], encircles the city. Other critical limited-access highways include the [[Sam Jones Expressway]], [[U.S. Route 31 in Indiana|U.S. 31]], and [[Indiana State Road 37]]. The predominant mode of transportation is the automobile, with 92.6 percent of Indianapolis–Carmel–Anderson MSA residents commuting by car, most traveling alone (83.4 percent).<ref name="Commuting">{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.indiana.edu/dms4/new_dpage.asp?profile_id=23&output_mode=1|title=Travel to Work in 2010|publisher=STATS Indiana|date=2010|accessdate=February 6, 2016}}</ref> This reliance on the automobile has had a major impact on the city's development patterns, with [[Walk Score]] ranking Indianapolis as the 47th most [[walkability|walkable]] large city in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.walkscore.com/IN/Indianapolis|title=Living in Indianapolis|publisher=Walk Score|accessdate=February 7, 2016}}</ref> Only 2.7 percent of residents walk or bike to work.<ref name="Commuting"/> In 2015, the city introduced BlueIndy, an electric [[carsharing]] program that will ultimately include 500 [[electric cars]] at 200 charging stations throughout the city.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Tuohy|first1=John|title=BlueIndy tops 1,000 memberships in four months|url=http://www.indystar.com/story/news/2016/01/14/blueindy-tops-1000-memberships-four-months/78796436/|accessdate=February 7, 2016|work=The Indianapolis Star|date=January 15, 2016}}</ref>

The [[Indianapolis Public Transportation Corporation]], branded as IndyGo, has operated the city's public transportation system since 1975. Recent efforts to expand mass transit in Central Indiana have been initiated through a $1.2 billion regional [[bus rapid transit]] plan called Indy Connect.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Tuohy|first1=John|title=Indy's rapid transit plan moving fast|url=http://www.indystar.com/story/news/2015/04/23/usdot-announce-boost-indys-rapid-transit-system/26229481/|accessdate=February 7, 2016|work=The Indianapolis Star|date=April 23, 2015}}</ref> The first segment to be constructed will be Phase I of the Red Line, traveling {{convert|14|mi}} from [[Broad Ripple Village]] to the [[University of Indianapolis]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Tuohy|first1=John|title=Indy’s bus rapid transit plan begins move to express lane|url=http://www.indystar.com/story/news/2015/08/11/indys-bus-rapid-transit-plan-begins-move-express-lane/31460329/|accessdate=September 13, 2015|work=The Indianapolis Star|date=August 11, 2015}}</ref> In 2011, a private company called the Downtown Indianapolis Streetcar Corporation began studying the feasibility of a streetcar circulator for downtown Indianapolis.<ref name="Streetcar"/> Despite only 1 percent of residents commuting via public transportation,<ref name="Commuting"/> IndyGo had a 2014 ridership of 10.3 million, the highest in 23 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indygo.net/press-releases/2014-another-record-breaking-year-for-indygo/|title=2014 Another Record Breaking Year for IndyGo|work=Indianapolis Public Transportation Corporation|accessdate=February 6, 2016}}</ref>
[[File:IND-Midfield-Front-10112008.jpg|thumb|[[Indianapolis International Airport]]'s Col. H. Weir Cook Terminal in 2008.]]
[[Indianapolis International Airport]] is the busiest airport in the state. The $1.1 billion Col. H. Weir Cook Terminal opened in 2008 as the largest development initiative in Indianapolis history.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.airportservice.com/indianapolis-ind-airport|title=IND Airport|work=AirportService.com|accessdate=February 7, 2016}}</ref> The midfield terminal includes 40 gates connecting to ten major domestic and international airlines, serving some 7.36 million passengers annually.<ref name="IND_Airport">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianapolisairport.com/|title=Indianapolis International Airport|accessdate=January 1, 2011}}</ref> As home to the second-largest [[FedEx Express]] hub in the world, Indianapolis International ranks as the sixth busiest U.S. airport in terms of air cargo, handling nearly 1 million metric tons in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.faa.gov/airports/planning_capacity/passenger_allcargo_stats/passenger/media/cy14-cargo-airports.pdf|title=Qualifying Cargo Airports, Rank Order, and Percent Change from 2013|work=Federal Aviation Administration|accessdate=February 6, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|year=2011|url=http://www.indypartnership.com/media/docs/Industry%20Packets/Indianapolis%20Region%20-%20Logistics%20Industry%20Packet.pdf|title=Indianapolis International Airport–Airport Facts & Statistics|publisher=IndyPartnership|accessdate=August 12, 2013}}</ref>

[[Amtrak]] provides two service lines to Indianapolis via Union Station. The ''[[Cardinal (passenger train)|Cardinal]]'' ([[New York City|New York]]—[[Washington, D.C.]]—[[Cincinnati]]—Indianapolis—[[Chicago]]) runs three times a week, while the ''[[Hoosier State (passenger train)|Hoosier State]]'' (to Chicago) runs on days the ''Cardinal'' does not operate. [[Greyhound Lines]] operates a bus terminal at Indianapolis Union Station, and [[Megabus (North America)|Megabus]] has a stop adjacent to the [[Indianapolis City-County Building]]. The [[Indiana University Health People Mover]] opened in 2003. The {{convert|1.4|mi|km|adj=on}}-long system connects [[Indiana University Health]]'s medical centers with related facilities on the [[IUPUI]] campus. Though open to the public, the system is privately run. It is currently the only example of light or commuter rail in Indianapolis and is also notable for being the only private transportation system in the U.S. constructed above public streets.<ref name="jakes-2001">{{cite web|url=http://www.sibelle.info/orig/fagr.pdf|title=Franchise Agreement with the City of Indianapolis: A new approach to people mover implementation in American cities|format=[[PDF]]|first=Andrew S.|last=Jakes|date=June 4, 2001|publisher=Jakes Associates|quote=The Health Care Transportation Franchise Agreement between the Consolidated City of Indianapolis, Marion County, Indiana and Clarian Health Partners, Inc. is the first ever conceived[....] no one has ever attempted to enter into a long-term transportation franchise agreement with private industry other than a transit supplier or a consortium[....] The legal framework for the private project on public right-of-way is based on two agreements as follows: •Health Care Transportation System Franchise Agreement between The Consolidated City of Indianapolis, Marion County, Indiana and Clarian Health Partners, Inc. (executed May 2000) •People Mover – State of Indiana Airspace Agreement and Lease (executed November 2000) [...] The duration of the Airspace Lease agreement is 25 years [...] The alignment consists of an elevated, double guideway, bi-directional transit system [...] The contract for a [...] monorail with three elevated, enclosed stations and walkways was executed with Schwager Davis, Inc. (SDI), based in San Jose, California. SDI conceived the technology known as Unitrak. Its successful operation has been demonstrated in Primm City, Nevada}}</ref><ref name="tempo-200210">{{cite book|format=[[PDF]] |url=http://www.indympo.org/NR/rdonlyres/A24CC872-9C54-42FF-9317-6E6CC1BBC9C9/0/tempo_se_10_02.pdf |chapter=Clarian People Mover |title=teMPO Special Edition |date=October 2002 |publisher=Indianapolis Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO) |accessdate=October 15, 2008 |pages=1, pp.18–22 |quote=The northern-most terminal, located at Methodist Hospital, will also house the system's safety and security monitoring station and maintenance shop[....] The Indiana University Health People Mover is America's first privately owned transit system to operate over city streets[....] capacity will be 1800 passengers per hour [...] Though initially proposed as 8,000 feet, the People Mover route was reduced to 7,400 feet when two stations on Walnut Street were merged into one. An elevated walkway now connects Riley Hospital to the station[....] The guideway [...] features a "translogic tubing" system along its route that will eventually facilitate pneumatic transfer of documents and samples. |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20081029192706/http://www.indympo.org/NR/rdonlyres/A24CC872-9C54-42FF-9317-6E6CC1BBC9C9/0/tempo_se_10_02.pdf |archivedate=October 29, 2008 }}</ref>

===Utilities===
[[File:Downtown IPL Building, night.jpg|thumb|[[Indianapolis Power & Light]] headquarters in 2009.]]
Electricity is provided by [[Indianapolis Power & Light]]. Citizens Energy Group provides natural gas, thermal, water, and wastewater services. [[Republic Services]] provides curbside solid waste and recycling removal. [[Covanta Energy]] operates a [[waste-to-energy]] plant in the city, processing solid waste for steam production. Steam is sold to Citizens Thermal for the downtown Indianapolis heating district.

===Health care===
{{see also|List of hospitals in Indianapolis}}
Indianapolis Emergency Medical Services (IEMS) covers six townships within Indianapolis (Washington, Lawrence, Center, Warren, Perry, and Franklin) as well as the Town of Speedway. IEMS responded to nearly 100,000 emergency dispatch calls in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianapolisems.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/2014-Indianapolis-EMS-Annual-Report.pdf|title=2014 Annual Report|publisher=Indianapolis EMS|accessdate=February 7, 2016}}</ref>

[[Indiana University Health]]'s Academic Health Center encompasses Marion County, with the medical centers of [[Indiana University Hospital|University Hospital]], [[Indiana University Health Methodist Hospital|Methodist Hospital]], and [[Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health|Riley Hospital for Children]]. The Academic Health Center is anchored by the [[Indiana University School of Medicine]], the second-largest medical school in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iuhealth.org/about-iu-health/facts-figures/|title=Facts & Figures|publisher=IU Health|accessdate=February 6, 2016}}</ref> Riley Hospital for Children is among the nation's foremost pediatric health centers, recognized in all ten specialties by ''[[U.S. News and World Report]]'', including top 25 honors in orthopedics (23), nephrology (22), gastroenterology and GI surgery (16), pulmonology (13), and urology (4).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/area/in/riley-hospital-for-children-at-iu-health-PA6420020/rankings|title=Riley Hospital for Children at IU Health|publisher=U.S. News and World Report|accessdate=February 6, 2016}}</ref> The 430-bed facility also contains Indiana's only [[Trauma Center#Level I|Pediatric Level I Trauma Center]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iuhealth.org/riley/about/facts-figures/|title=Facts & Figures|publisher=Indiana University Health|accessdate=February 6, 2016}}</ref>

Indianapolis' public medical center, the [[Sidney and Lois Eskenazi Hospital]], reopened in 2013 after a $754 million project to replace Wishard Memorial Hospital on the [[IUPUI]] campus. Eskenazi includes an [[Trauma center#Level I|Adult Level I Trauma Center]], 315 beds, and 275 exam rooms, annually serving 1.2 million outpatients.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eskenazihealthfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/EHF_Case_Statement_2012_FINAL.pdf|title=The New Eskenazi Health|publisher=Eskenazi Health|accessdate=February 6, 2016}}</ref> Adjacent to Eskenazi, the Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center is Central Indiana's flagship [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs|Veterans Affairs]] hospital. Located on the city's far north side, [[St. Vincent Indianapolis Hospital]] is the flagship medical center of [[St. Vincent Health]]'s 22-hospital system. St. Vincent Indianapolis includes Peyton Manning Children's Hospital, St. Vincent Heart Center of Indiana, St. Vincent Seton Specialty Hospital, and St. Vincent Women's Hospital. [[St. Francis Hospital & Health Centers|Franciscan St. Francis Health]]'s flagship medical center is located on Indianapolis' far south side.

Community Health Network includes four medical centers in Marion County, including Community Westview Hospital, Community Hospital South, [[Community Hospital North]], and [[Community Hospital East]]. Community Hospital East is currently replacing its 60-year-old facility with a $175 million, 150-bed hospital to be completed in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecommunity.com/s/east-expansion/east-expansion-new-hospital/|title=New Community Hospital East|publisher=Community Health Network|accessdate=February 6, 2016}}</ref> The campus will also include a $120 million, 159-bed state-funded mental health and chronic addiction treatment facility. The Indiana Neuro-Diagnostic Institute will replace the antiquated Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital in 2018.<ref>{{cite news|first=Shari|last=Rudavsky|date=December 16, 2015|url=http://www.indystar.com/story/news/politics/2015/12/16/state-build-mental-health-hospital-eastside/77412210/|title=New hospital brings fresh approach to Indiana mental health care|work=The Indianapolis Star|accessdate=February 6, 2016}}</ref>

==Notable people==
{{Main|List of people from Indianapolis}}

==Sister cities==
Indianapolis has six [[sister cities]] and two friendship cities as designated by [[Sister Cities International]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.sister-cities.org/interactive-map/Indianapolis,%20Indiana|title = Sister Cities|accessdate = October 27, 2015}}</ref> Indianapolis was recognized by Sister Cities International with the "2013 Best Overall Program Award" for jurisdictions of population 500,000 and above.<ref name="scaward">{{cite web|url=http://www.sister-cities.org/annual-awards |title=Annual Awards | Sister Cities International (SCI) |publisher=Sister-cities.org |date=July 13, 2013 |accessdate=January 14, 2014}}</ref>

'''Sister cities'''
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Campinas]], Brazil (2009)
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Cologne]], Germany (1988)
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Monza]], Italy (1993)
*{{flagicon|UK}} [[Northamptonshire]] County, United Kingdom (2009)
*{{flagicon|SLO}} [[Piran]], Slovenia (2001)
*{{flagicon|ROC}} [[Taipei]], Taiwan (1978)
'''Friendship cities'''
*{{flagicon|PRC}} [[Hangzhou]], People's Republic of China (2009)
*{{flagicon|IND}} [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], India (2010)

==See also==
{{portal bar|Indianapolis}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|voy=Indianapolis|d=Q6346|species=no|v=no|b=no|s=no|n=no|mw=no|m=no}}
*{{official website|http://www.indy.gov/}}
* [http://www.indychamber.com/ Indy Chamber]
* [http://www.visitindy.com/ Visit Indy]
* {{dmoz|Regional/North_America/United_States/Indiana/Localities/I/Indianapolis}}

{{wikipedia}}

[[Category:Places]]

Main Page

2016-03-30T05:13:27Z

Jlharl: /* Featured page */

Welcome to the History Wiki, written by fourth graders!

==Featured page==
There would be text here but since this is a mockup, I'm not going all out on the formatting so this is just a placeholder.

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[[Special:Random|Read more]]

==Important lists==

These links go to category pages. They make a list of all the pages about a topic!

*[[:Category:People|People]]
*[[:Category:Places|Places]]
*[[:Category:Deaf history|Deaf history]]
*[[:Category:Indiana history|Indiana history]]

==About this wiki==
This wiki was created for a project in EDTE 350 at Ball State University. See [[EDTE 350 History Wiki:About]] for more information. - [[User:Jlharl|jlharl]] ([[User talk:Jlharl|talk]]) 01:11, 30 March 2016 (EDT)

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==Important lists==

These links go to category pages. They make a list of all the pages about a topic!

*[[:Category:People|People]]
*[[:Category:Places|Places]]
*[[:Category:Deaf history|Deaf history]]
*[[:Category:Indiana history|Indiana history]]

==About this wiki==
This wiki was created for a project in EDTE 350 at Ball State University. See [[EDTE 350 History Wiki:About]] for more information. - [[User:Jlharl|jlharl]] ([[User talk:Jlharl|talk]]) 01:11, 30 March 2016 (EDT)

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Jlharl: /* Important lists */ :

Welcome to the History Wiki, written by fourth graders!

==Featured page==
There would be text here but since this is a mockup, I'm not going all out on the formatting so this is just a placeholder.

==Important lists==

These links go to category pages. They make a list of all the pages about a topic!

*[[:Category:People|People]]
*[[:Category:Places|Places]]
*[[:Category:Deaf history|Deaf history]]
*[[:Category:Indiana history|Indiana history]]

==About this wiki==
This wiki was created for a project in EDTE 350 at Ball State University. See [[EDTE 350 History Wiki:About]] for more information. - [[User:Jlharl|jlharl]] ([[User talk:Jlharl|talk]]) 01:11, 30 March 2016 (EDT)

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2016-03-30T05:11:12Z

Jlharl:

Welcome to the History Wiki, written by fourth graders!

==Featured page==
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==Important lists==

These links go to category pages. They make a list of all the pages about a topic!

*[[Category:People|People]]
*[[Category:Places|Places]]
*[[Category:Deaf history|Deaf history]]
*[[Category:Indiana history|Indiana history]]

==About this wiki==
This wiki was created for a project in EDTE 350 at Ball State University. See [[EDTE 350 History Wiki:About]] for more information. - [[User:Jlharl|jlharl]] ([[User talk:Jlharl|talk]]) 01:11, 30 March 2016 (EDT)

Category:People

2016-03-30T05:07:16Z

Jlharl: Created page with "This page lists people who are important to Indiana's history."

This page lists people who are important to Indiana's history.

Jonathan Jennings

2016-03-30T05:06:37Z

Jlharl: /* External links */

Note: This was imported to provide more examples of pages without my having to do extensive editing directly to them, but I failed to realize this particular page was filled with templates and links that have no chance of creation. This note is simply here to tell you that this is not what an actual article might look like as created and edited by fourth graders but is here to provide an example of a topic fourth graders might create an article about. - [[User:Jlharl|jlharl]] ([[User talk:Jlharl|talk]]) 01:05, 30 March 2016 (EDT)

{{About|the politician|the gridiron football player|Jonathon Jennings}}
{{Infobox Politician
|name =Jonathan Jennings
|image =JonathanJennings.jpg
|caption =Official portrait of Jonathan Jennings by James Forbes, based on a small portrait of Jennings painted in 1809.
|width = 240px
|order =1st
|office =Governor of Indiana
|term_start =December 12, 1816
|term_end =September 12, 1822
|lieutenant =[[Christopher Harrison]] [[Ratliff Boon]]
|predecessor =[[Thomas Posey]] as Territorial Governor
|successor =[[Ratliff Boon]]
|order1 =Member of the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] from [[Indiana's 1st congressional district|Indiana's 1st district]]
|term_start1 =December 2, 1822
|term_end1 =March 3, 1831
|predecessor1 =[[William Hendricks]]
|successor1 =[[John Carr (Indiana)|John Carr]]
|order2 =Delegate to the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] from [[Indiana Territory's At-large congressional district|Indiana Territory]]
|term_start2 =November 27, 1809
|term_end2 =December 11, 1816
|predecessor2 =[[Jesse B. Thomas]]
|successor2 =[[William Hendricks]]<ref group = n>Hendricks was the first representative of the State of Indiana.</ref>
|birth_date= March 27, 1784
|birth_place= [[Readington, New Jersey]]
|death_date= {{BirthDeathAge| |1784|03|27 |1834|07|26}}
|death_place= [[Charlestown, Indiana]]
|spouse = Ann Gilmore Hay
|party = [[Democratic-Republican]]
|religion= [[Presbyterian]]<ref name = w29>Woollen, p. 29</ref>
|profession = [[lawyer]] [[farmer]] [[politician]]
|children = none
|signature=Jonathan Jennings Signature.svg
}}

'''Jonathan Jennings''' (March 27, 1784 – July 26, 1834) was the [[List of Governors of Indiana|first]] [[governor of Indiana]] and a nine-term congressman from [[Indiana]]. Born in either [[Hunterdon County, New Jersey]], or [[Rockbridge County, Virginia]], he studied law before immigrating to the [[Indiana Territory]] in 1806. Jennings initially intended to practice law, but took jobs as an assistant at the federal land office at [[Vincennes, Indiana|Vincennes]] and assistant to the clerk of the territorial legislature to support himself, and pursued interests in land speculation and politics. Jennings became involved in a dispute with the territorial governor, [[William Henry Harrison]], that soon led him to enter politics and set the tone for his early political career. In 1808 Jennings moved to the eastern part of the Indiana Territory and settled near [[Charlestown, Indiana|Charlestown]], in [[Clark County, Indiana|Clark County]]. He was elected as the [[Indiana Territory]]'s delegate to the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]] by dividing the pro-Harrison supporters and running as an anti-Harrison candidate. By 1812 he was the leader of the anti-slavery and pro-statehood faction of the territorial government. Jennings and his political allies took control of the territorial assembly and dominated governmental affairs after the resignation of Governor Harrison in 1812. As a congressional delegate Jennings aided passage of the Enabling Act in 1816, which authorized the organization of Indiana's state government and state constitution. He was elected president of the [[Constitution of Indiana|Indiana constitutional convention]], held in Corydon in June 1816, where he helped draft the state's first constitution. Jennings supported the effort to ban slavery in the state and favored a strong legislative branch of government.

In August 1816 Jennings was elected to serve as the first [[governor of Indiana]] at age 32, and re-elected for an additional term. He pressed for the construction of roads and schools, and negotiated the [[Treaty of St. Mary's]] to open up central Indiana to American settlement. His opponents attacked his participation in the treaty negotiations as unconstitutional and brought impeachment proceedings against him, a measure that was narrowly defeated by a vote of 15 to 13 after a month-long investigation and the resignation of the lieutenant governor. During his second term and following the [[panic of 1819]], Jennings encountered financial problems, a situation exacerbated by his inability to keep up with his business interests and run the state government simultaneously. Ineligible for another term as Indiana governor under the state constitution, Jennings looked for other means of financial support. Shortly before completion of his second term as governor in 1822, Jennings was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, before retiring from public service in 1831. In Congress Jennings promoted federal spending on [[internal improvements]].

Jennings had been a heavy drinker of alcohol for much of his life. His addiction worsened after the death of his first wife, Ann, and his development of [[rheumatism]]. Jennings's alcoholism led to defeat in his reelection campaign in 1830. In retirement his condition worsened and he was unable to work his farm. When his finances collapsed, his creditors sought to take his land holdings and [[Charlestown, Indiana|Charlestown]] farm. To protect his friend, [[United States Senator|U.S. Senator]] [[John Tipton]] purchased Jennings's farm and permitted him to continue living there. After Jennings's death, his estate was sold, but it left no funds to purchase a headstone for his grave, which remained unmarked for fifty-seven years.

Historians have offered varied interpretations of Jennings's life and impact on the development of Indiana. Early state historians, [[Jacob Piatt Dunn]] Jr. and William Wesley Woollen, gave Jennings high praise and credited him with the defeat of the pro-slavery forces in Indiana and with laying the foundation of the state. More critical historians during the [[prohibition era]], such as Logan Eseray, described Jennings as a crafty and self-promoting politician and focused on his alcoholism. Among the modern historians, Randy Mills places Jennings's importance between the two extremes, but agreed with Woolen's assessment that the state "owes him more than she can compute."

==Early life==

===Family background===
Jonathan Jennings, the son of Jacob and Mary Kennedy Jennings, was born in either [[Readington, New Jersey|Readington Township]], [[Hunterdon County, New Jersey]], or [[Rockbridge County, Virginia]], on March 27, 1784.<ref>Cayton, p. 277</ref><ref name=m8>Mills, p. 8</ref> He was the sixth of the Jennings's eight children.<ref name=r223>Riker, p. 223</ref><ref name=g40>Gugan and St. Clair, p. 40</ref> His father was a doctor, [[Presbyterian]] missionary, and an ordained [[preacher|minister]] in the Dutch Reformed Church.<ref name=r223/><ref>Mills, p. 7–8</ref> His mother, who was well educated and practiced medicine, was the daughter of Samuel Kennedy, a [[Presbyterian]] minister at [[Basking Ridge, New Jersey]].<ref name=r223/> Mary, who may have had a medical degree, assisted her husband in his practice.<ref>Mills, p. 2</ref> Around 1790 Jennings's father moved the family to Dunlap Creek in [[Fayette County, Pennsylvania]], where Jennings remained until his adulthood. After his mother's death in 1792, Jennings was raised by his older sister, Sarah, and his brother, Ebenezer.<ref>Mills, p. 4</ref> Jennings was particularly close to Ebenezer and his younger sister, Ann, and her husband, David G. Mitchell, who was a physician.<ref>Riker, p. 223–24</ref><ref>Mills, p. 5</ref> Jennings was schooled at home, then attended the nearby [[grammar school]] in [[Canonsburg, Pennsylvania]], where he received a basic education. Two of his classmates, [[William Hendricks]] and [[William W. Wick]], would later become his political allies.<ref name = w29/><ref name=m8/> Jennings studied law in Washington, Pennsylvania.<ref name=g41>Gugin and St. Clair, p. 41</ref> By 1806 Jennings had left Pennsylvania and moved to [[Steubenville, Ohio]], where his brother, Obadiah, had a law office.<ref name=r225>Riker, p. 225</ref> Jennings helped Obadiah in cases before the [[Ohio Supreme Court]].<ref>Mills, p. 12</ref>

In 1806 Jennings headed west to [[Jeffersonville, Indiana|Jeffersonville]] in the [[Indiana Territory]], but stayed only briefly.<ref name=g41/> He moved to [[Vincennes, Indiana|Vincennes]], the capital of the Indiana Territory, in early 1807 to open his own law practice and was admitted to the bar in April.<ref name=g41/><ref name=r225/><ref>Mills, p. 76</ref> Jennings had difficulty earning an income as a lawyer, finding there were too few clients in the territory to keep him busy.<ref name = w29/> In July 1807 Nathaniel Ewing, the federal land receiver at Vincennes and a friend from Pennsylvania, invited Jennings to take a job as assistant to John Badollet, the registrar at the federal land office in Vincennes.<ref>Mills, p. 59–60 and 71–72</ref> Along with Badollet, Jennings engaged in land speculation. He obtained significant land holdings and made substantial profits.<ref>Mills, p. 38 and 76</ref> In 1807 Jennings became an assistant to the clerk of the territorial legislature and continued to speculate on the sale of public lands.<ref name=g41/><ref name=r22526>Riker, p. 225–26</ref>

===Confrontation with Harrison===
In August 1807 Jennings was appointed clerk of the [[Vincennes University]] board of trustees and began to be drawn into ongoing political disputes going on territory. The territorial governor, [[William Henry Harrison]], was a member and president of the board.<ref>Riker, p. 226</ref><ref>Mills, p. xxv and 85</ref><ref group = n>Harrison, who came from a well-connected political family in Virginia, had served as an officer in the [[Northwest Indian War]] and as a territorial delegate to Congress. Harrison later became a U.S. senator, ambassador, and president. See Gugin and St. Clair, p. 18–26</ref> As governor of the Indiana Territory, Harrison wielded considerable influence through his political appointments and veto powers.<ref>Mills, p. 46–47</ref> Jennings received the university appointment after General Washington Johnston resigned as clerk of the board following a dispute over Harrison's proposal to ban the French residents of Vincennes from using the university's commons. The board defeated Harrison's proposal, but Johnston resigned as its clerk and Jennings was selected as his replacement over Henry Hurst, one of Harrison's loyal supporters. Harrison was outraged and promptly resigned from the board, but later reconsidered his decision. In September 1807 Harrison was easily reelected to the board and selected as its president. In the meantime, Johnston wrote a pamphlet describing the board's proceedings, which Jennings certified without the board's knowledge or approval. Jennings further angered Harrison when he attempted to secure a clerkship in the territorial legislature. Jennings's opponent for the clerkship was the anti-slavery candidate [[Davis Floyd]], an enemy of Harrison. After Jennings dropped out of the race, Floyd was selected for the position and became an important political ally to Jennings.<ref name=m8087>Mills, p. 80–87</ref> In April 1808, with Harrison reelected as president of the Vincennes University board, a commission was appointed to investigate Jennings's conduct.<ref name=m87>Mills, p. 87</ref> The committee's inquiry concerned Jennings's certification of Johnston's pamphlet dealing with board proceedings without their knowledge.<ref>Riker, p. 226–27</ref> The incident led to Jennings's resignation in 1808 and created a considerable amount of animosity between the two that prevailed for many years.<ref name=m87/><ref group = n>The incident is significant given that Jennings and Harrison were political opponents later in Jennings's career, but records do not exist that describe their relationship when Jennings lived in Vincennes. The board inquiry appears to be based on Jennings's certification of the pamphlet dealing with board proceedings rather than political opposition. See Riker, p. 227.</ref>

By March 1808, Jennings believed that his future in the Harrison-dominated western part of the territory was bleak. By November he had left Vincennes and moved to [[Jeffersonville, Indiana|Jeffersonville]], in [[Clark County, Indiana|Clark County]], Indiana Territory, before settling in nearby [[Charlestown, Indiana|Charlestown]].<ref>Mills, p. 88</ref> Jennings may have believed his political future would have more success in the eastern part of the territory.<ref>Riker, p. 228</ref><ref>Mills, p. 89</ref> Settlements in the southeast and eastern portion of the territory opposed slavery and Harrison's aristocratic manner, which were similar to Jennings's beliefs, while the western portion of the territory and Vincennes area remained proslavery.<ref name = w30>Woolen, p. 30</ref><ref name=m92>Mills, p. 92</ref><ref group = n>When the Indiana Territory was organized in 1800 the people living in the territory favored slavery; however, after it was divided into the Indiana and Illinois territories in 1809 and the Illinois group was removed, the Indiana Territory's remaining proslavery element became much smaller. See Riker, p. 288–89.</ref> Although petitions to allow slavery were received before the formation of the Indiana Territory, the issue attracted widespread attention in 1807 when Harrison and his supporters in the territorial legislature revived efforts to allow slavery in the territory.<ref name = w30/><ref>Cayton, p. 246</ref><ref group = n>Slavery had long existed in the region. It was practiced by the French in the Illinois Country and the area around Vincennes, the center of the pro-slavery establishment in the territory, and by the American settlers from Virginia and the upland South. Although slavery was prohibited throughout the territory, as outlined in the [[Northwest Ordinance]] of 1787, it was not enforced. William Henry Harrison, a Virginian by birth, owned and traded in slaves while serving as territorial governor, as did others who lived in the Indiana Territory. An indentured servant system with long terms of service was created to override the ordinance's statute that prohibited slavery. See Mills, p. 54 and 56.</ref> Jennings and his supporters who opposed slavery wrote writing articles appearing in the Vincennes ''Western Sun'' newspaper attacking Harrison's administration, its pro-slavery sentiments, and aristocratic policies.<ref>Mills, p. xxv</ref>

In 1808, when Congressman [[Benjamin Parke]] resigned from office, Harrison ordered a special election to fill the vacancy. Jennings entered the race against Harrison's candidate, Thomas Randolph, the attorney general for the territory, and John Johnson, a Vincennes native who had the support of the antislavery group.<ref>Mills, p. 51 and 98</ref> Randolph promised not to introduce slavery into the territory unless the majority of his constituents agreed, while Johnson remained silent on the issue. Jennings, an antislavery candidate from the eastern portion of the territory, rode from settlement to settlement to give speeches against slavery.<ref name=r22829>Riker, p. 228–29</ref> Jennings spoke against what he believed to be Randolph's aristocratic tendencies, ties to Harrison's territorial government, and the issue of slavery in the territory.<ref>Mills, p. 102–3</ref> Jennings found his greatest support among the growing [[Quaker]] community in the eastern part of the territory.<ref>Mills, p. 100</ref>

On November 27, 1809, Jennings was elected as a delegate to the [[11th United States Congress|Eleventh Congress]]. The election was close. Jennings beat Randolph, 428 votes to 402, with Johnson taking 81 votes.<ref name = w3031>Woolen, p. 30–31</ref><ref>Mills, p. 105</ref><ref name=r230>Riker, p. 230</ref> Randolph challenged the election results and traveled to Washington D.C. to take his case to the U.S. House of Representatives. Randolph claimed that election officials in Dearborn County did not follow proper procedures for certifying ninety-one votes in the county's seventh district and argued that the votes should be deducted from the vote totals. Once discarded, the revised totals would make Randolph the winner.<ref>Mills, p. 107–08</ref> A House committee took up the case, issued a resolution in Randolph's favor, and recommended that a new election be held. Randolph immediately left for the Indiana Territory to launch a new campaign for the seat, but the House defeated the committee's recommendation by an 83 to 30 vote margin and Jennings was permitted to take his seat.<ref name=r230/><ref>Mills, p. 109–113</ref><ref name = w31>Woolen, p. 31</ref> As a territorial delegate in Congress, Jennings learned the legislative process, served on House committees, introduced legislation, debated issues, and continued his ongoing crusade against Governor Harrison.<ref>Mills, p. 125</ref> Jennings did not play a major role in congressional discussions, but he did make an effort to represent the interests of his constituents. He was reelected in 1811, 1812, and 1814.<ref name=r230/>

===Courtship and marriage===
During his first session in Congress, Jennings had a small portrait of himself made, which he later gave to Ann Gilmore Hay, the daughter of a prominent Charlestown politician, whom he had recently begun courting.<ref group = n>The painting is the only known authentic portrait of Jennings. Both of Jennings's official portraits are based his 1809 portrait. See Mills, p. 133.</ref><ref>Gugan and St. Clair, p. 42</ref><ref>Riker, p. 231</ref> Hay was born in Harrodsburg, Kentucky, in 1792. Her family moved to Clark County in Indiana Territory, and settled in Charlestown. Jennings first met her when he was campaigning for Congress in 1809.<ref>Mills, p. 132</ref> After his first session in Congress ended, Jennings returned to Indiana Territory and married eighteen-year-old Ann on August 8, 1811.<ref name=r232>Riker, p. 232</ref> Ann's father had just died leaving her with no family or means of support.<ref>Mills, p. 133</ref> Following his reelection to Congress in 1811, the couple returned to Washington, where she remained briefly, before traveling to Pennsylvania to live with Jennings's sister, Ann Mitchell, for the remainder of the session.<ref>Mills, p. 136</ref> Jennings's wife suffered from ill health, which deteriorated after he became governor of Indiana in 1816, and she died after a protected illness in 1826.<ref>Mills, p. 175</ref> Later that year Jennings married Clarissa Barbee, who had come from Kentucky to teach at the Charlestown seminary.<ref name=r237/><ref name="Mills, p. 219">Mills, p. 219</ref> Jennings had no children from either marriage.<ref name=w41>Woolen, p. 41</ref><ref>Mills, p. 209–10</ref>

==Congressman==

===Battle with Harrison===
{{See also|History of slavery in Indiana|Indiana in the War of 1812|Tecumseh's War}}

[[File:William H. Harrison.jpg|thumb|right|upright|This [[portrait]] of General [[William Henry Harrison]] in military uniform during the [[War of 1812]].]]

Angered over his electoral loss, Randolph harangued anti-Harrison supporters, even challenging one to a [[duel]]. He was stabbed three times, but recovered and challenged Jennings in his bid for reelection in 1810.<ref>Mills, p. 116–17</ref> Harrison came out to personally stump on Randolph's behalf. Jennings focused on the slavery issue and tied Randolph to Harrison's continued attempts to legalize the institution. The congressional election coincided with the first popular election of delegates to the territorial legislature. In 1809, a year prior to the election, the territory's pro-slavery faction suffered a significant setback when Illinois was separated from the Indiana Territory, cutting Harrison off from his supporters in the western portion of the territory.<ref>Mills, p. 96</ref> Harrison suggested that Jennings further expanded his political base by stumping among the disaffected French residents of the territory.<ref>Mills, p. 107</ref> Jennings's defeat of Randolph in 1810 repudiated Harrison's pro-slavery policies. Following his triumph in the election, Jennings's and his anti-slavery allies were successful in enacting a legislative agenda that limited the territorial governor's authority and repealed an 1805 act regarding indentured service.<ref name = w31/><ref name=c25051>Cayton, p. 250–51</ref>

In his first full term in Congress, Jennings stepped up his attacks on Harrison, accusing him of using his office for personal gain, of taking part in questionable land speculation deals, and needlessly raising tensions with the Native American tribes on the frontier.<ref>Mills, p. 124–126 and 143</ref> Jennings presented a congressional resolution that intended to reduce Harrison's authority to make political appointments and opposed his policy of purchasing lands from the Indians.<ref>Riker, p. 230–31</ref> When Harrison was up for reappointment as territorial governor in 1810, Jennings sent a scathing letter to President [[James Madison]] that argued against his reappointment. Harrison's allies in Washington argued on his behalf and aided in securing his reappointment.<ref>Mills, p. 120</ref>

After hostilities broke out on the frontier between the Americans and the native tribes, culminating in the [[Battle of Tippecanoe]] in November 1811, Jennings successfully promoted passage of a bill to grant compensation to veterans of the battle and to give pensions for five years to the widows and orphans of those who were killed. Privately, Jennings lamented the battle, while his friends in the territory faulted Harrison for agitating the situation and causing the needless loss of life.<ref>Mills, p. 145–49</ref> As calls for war with [[Great Britain]] increased, Jennings was not among the [[war hawks]], but ultimately accepted the arrival of the [[War of 1812]].<ref name=m15153>Mills, p. 151–53</ref> Early in the war, Harrison was commissioned as a military general and dispatched to defend the frontier and invade [[Canada]], which caused him to resign from his post as territorial governor in 1812.<ref name=m15153/><ref>Cayton, p. 251</ref> Prior to Harrison's resignation, Jennings and his allies moved quickly to take advantage of the situation and initiated efforts to weaken the governor's authority. In 1811 the territorial legislature voted to move the capital away from Vincennes, a pro-Harrison stronghold, and began a shift in political power from the territorial governor to the delegates in the territorial legislature and its elected officials.<ref name=c25051>Cayton, p. 250–51</ref> [[John Gibson (Indiana)|John Gibson]], the elderly, acting governor, whose territorial duties largely dealt with military affairs, did not challenge the territorial legislature. When Harrison's successor, [[Thomas Posey]], was confirmed on March 3, 1813, Jennings's party in the territorial legislature had become entrenched and began to advance their request for statehood.<ref>Dunn, p. 284–85 and 287</ref><ref>Mills, p. 159</ref>

Jennings ran for reelection to Congress in 1811 against another pro-slavery candidate, [[Waller Taylor]]. The campaign was the most divisive in Jennings's career. Taylor derided Jennings as a "pitiful coward" and went so far as to challenge Jennings to a duel, but he refused.<ref name = w32>Woollen, p. 32</ref> Jennings ran on the slavery issue again, fielding his new motto, "No slavery in Indiana". Jennings's supporters tied Taylor, a territorial judge, to the pro-slavery movement.<ref name = w31/> Jennings easily won reelection, thanks to an expanding base of support that included the growing community of [[New Harmony, Indiana|Harmonists]].<ref>Mills, p. 153–54</ref><ref group = n>According to historian Randy Mills, the [[Harmonists]] began to arrive in the territory 1814 and quickly became a political factor in elections because they voted as a block under the direction of their leader, [[George Rapp]]. Jennings made an effort to gain Rapp's political support, especially after Jennings became governor. See Mills, p. 184–85.</ref> Following his reelection, Jennings developed [[jaundice]], an illness often caused by alcoholism, but he recovered.<ref>Mills, p. 15–78</ref> During his third term in Congress, Jennings began advocating that statehood be granted to Indiana, but held off formally introducing legislation until the end of the War of 1812. Jennings ran against Elijah Sparks in his 1814 reelection campaign and easily won.<ref name = w32/><ref>Mills, p. 156</ref>

===Push for statehood===
By 1815 Jennings and the territorial legislature were ready to embark on a course for statehood.<ref>Cayton, p. 252</ref> In December 1815 Jennings's introduced a petition from the territorial legislature to Congress that requested statehood for Indiana.<ref>Mills, p. 164</ref> The 1815 census showed the territory had a population exceeding 63,000, more than the minimum requirement for statehood under the Northwest Ordinance of 1787.<ref name=r232>Riker, p. 232</ref> The House began a debate on the measure and passed the Enabling Act on April 11, 1816. The act granted Indiana the right to form a government and elect delegates to a constitutional convention that would create a state [[constitution of Indiana|constitution]].<ref name=r232/><ref name = w32/><ref name=Mills167>Mills, p. 167</ref> The territorial governor, Thomas Posey, expressed concern that the territory was too under-populated to provide sufficient tax revenue to fund a state government.<ref name=Mills162>Mills, p. 162</ref> In a letter to President Madison, he recommended that the president veto the bill and delay statehood for another three years, which would allow him to finish his term as governor. Madison signed the bill, ignoring Posey's plea.

[[Dennis Pennington]], a leading member of the territorial legislature, was able to secure the election of many anti-slavery delegates to the constitutional convention. Jennings was a delegate from Clark County.<ref name=r232/> At the convention, held in June 1816 in the new territorial capital of [[Corydon, Indiana|Corydon]], Jennings was elected president of the assembly, which permitted him to appoint the convention's committee chairmen.<ref name=w32/><ref>Mills, p. 166</ref> Although the delegates drafted a new constitution for Indiana, the majority of the content was copied from other state constitutions, most notably Ohio and Kentucky.<ref>Cayton, p. 253</ref><ref>Mills, p. 171</ref> A few items were new and unique to Indiana.<ref name=Mills167/> Slavery, which was already prohibited in territorial legislation, was banned in the Indiana constitution; however, contracts for indentured servants, if they were already in existence, were preserved.<ref>Mills, p. 172</ref> The new state government, divided into legislative, executive, and judicial branches, gave the governor limited powers and concentrated authority in the hands of the [[Indiana General Assembly]] and county officials.<ref>Cayton, p. 254</ref><ref name=Mills168>Mills, p. 168</ref> Shortly after the convention, Jennings publicly announced his candidacy for governor.<ref name = w32/><ref>Mills, p. 173</ref>

==Governor==

===Campaign and election===
At the state convention in June 1816 Jennings may have informed some of the delegates that he intended to run for governor and by early July 1816 he had publicly announced his candidacy. Thomas Posey, Indiana's last territorial governor, was Jennings's opponent. Posey announced his own candidacy for governor prior to the convention's adjournment on June 29, 1816. With just five weeks before the August 5 election, there was little active campaigning. Posey, who thought Indiana statehood was premature, was not a popular candidate and suffered from health issues.<ref name=r233>Riker, p. 233</ref><ref name=C67>Carmony, p. 6–7</ref> Jennings won by a large majority, 5,211 votes to 3,934.<ref name = w33>Woollen, p. 33</ref><ref name=m17374>Mills, p. 173–74</ref> Most of Jennings's votes probably came from the eastern portion of the state, where his support was particularly strong, while Posey's probably came from the western portion.<ref name=C67/><ref>Cayton, p 258</ref> Jennings moved to the new state capital at [[Corydon, Indiana|Corydon]], where he served the duration of his term as governor.<ref name=m17374/>

Jennings's salary as governor, which was the highest for an elected official in the state, was $1,000.<ref>Carmony, p. 12</ref> Under the constitution, the governor served a three-year term and was prohibited from serving more that six years in a nine-year period.<ref>Gugin and St. Clair, p. 1</ref><ref group = n>Jennings was one of five Indiana governors under this version of the state constitution who served more than three years. See Gugin and St. Clair, p. 1.</ref> Jennings's agenda called for establishing court proceedings to secure justice, organizing a state-funded educational systems, creating a state banking system, preventing unlawful seizure and enslavement of free blacks, organizing a state library, and planning internal improvements.<ref name=r233/> His efforts had limited success, due, in part, to the state's limited financial resources and Jennings's limited powers as governor.<ref name=g44>Gugin and St. Clair, p. 44</ref>

Jennings strongly condemned slavery in his inauguration speech and as governor, he refined his stance on the institution. On November 7, 1816, Jennings encouraged the state legislature to enact laws to prevent "unlawful attempts to seize and carry into bondage persons of color legally entitled to their freedom" while preventing "those who rightfully owe service to the citizens of any other State or Territory, from seeking, within the limits of this state, a refuge from the possession of their lawful owners."<ref name = w33/> In 1817 Jennings acknowledged a moderation of his earlier position regarding fugitive slaves by claiming it was needed to "preserve harmony" among the states.<ref>Woollen, p. 34</ref> Jennings agreed to allow citizens "the means of reclaiming any slave escaping to this State that may rightfully belong to them…with as little delay as possible" after citizens of Kentucky had difficulty reclaiming their slaves who had escaped to Indiana.<ref>Woolen, p. 34–35</ref>

===Internal improvements===
In 1818, Jennings began promoting a large-scale plan for internal improvements in the state. Most of the projects were directed toward construction of roads, canals, and other projects to enhance the commercial appeal and economic viability of the state.<ref name = g188189>Goodrich and Tuttle, p. 188–89</ref> During Jennings's second term the state government continued to support public improvements, with new road construction and expanded settlement into central Indiana. After Indianapolis became the site for the state's permanent capital in 1821 and new settlers arrived in the area, the Indiana General Assembly appropriated $100,000 for new road construction and improvements to some of the more important routes, but it was considerably short of the amount needed.<ref name=g45>Gugin and St. Clair, p. 45</ref><ref>Carmony, p. 41</ref><ref group = n>The state granted the largest improvement project, the [[Indiana Canal Company]], first chartered in 1805, more than $1.5 million over several years to complete a canal on the Ohio River. The project was completed, after several delays, in 1831. See Dunn, p. 382–85</ref>

The state experienced budget shortages because of low tax revenues, which forced Jennings to pursue other means of financing the projects. The main sources of funds came from issuing government bonds to the state bank and sales of public lands. The state's spending and borrowing led to short-term budget problems, but despite early setbacks (poor access to capital eventually halted improvement programs and caused the [[Indiana Canal Company]] to fold because of lack of funds), the infrastructure improvements initiated by Jennings attracted new settlers to the state. By 1810 the Indiana Territory's population within the boundaries of the new state was 24, 520.<ref name=c185>Cayton, p. 185</ref> In the decades following his governorship, Indiana's population grew from sixty-five thousand in 1816 to 147,178 in 1820 and surpassed one million by 1850.<ref name = g188189/><ref name=c185/>

In his first inaugural speech in August 1816, Jennings called attention to the need for an educational plan.<ref>Carmony, p. 8</ref> In his 1817 annual message to the state legislature, he encouraged the establishment of a free, state-funded education system, as called for in the state constitution, but few of the state's citizens were willing to impose taxes to fund public schools.<ref>Mills, p. 197</ref> The state legislature believed priority should be given to creating government infrastructure. Lack of public funds postponed creation of a state library system until Governor James B. Ray's administration in 1826.<ref name=g44/>

From the beginning the state's banking institutions were closely tied to the state government's fiscal affairs, made even more challenging due to the state's "extremely limited economic and population base", the economic depression of the late teens and early twenties, a lack of experience in banking on the part of state politicians and citizens, and other factors.<ref name=C17>Carmony, p. 17</ref> "Indiana banking rested on shaky foundation even in the prosperous years preceding the Panic of 1819."<ref name=C17/> To remedy the problem, Jennings signed legislation in 1817 to create the First State Bank of Indiana by converting the Bank of Vincennes, established under a territorial charter in 1814, into the new bank's main headquarters and established three new branches at Corydon, [[Brookville, Indiana|Brookville]], and [[Vevay, Indiana|Vevay]].<ref>Gugin and St. Clair, p. 44–45</ref> The First State Bank soon became a depository of federal funds and was involved in land speculation. The Farmers and Mechanics Bank of [[Madison, Indiana|Madison]], established in 1814, chose to remain separate from the state bank under a territorial charter that was valid until 1835.<ref name=C1920>Carmony, p. 19–20</ref>

When state expenditures exceeded its revenues, Jennings preferred to secure the state's debts with bank loans to cover the shortfall rather than issuing treasury notes. Although taxes were levied and the state borrowed from the First State Bank of Indiana, the state's fiscal status remained bleak, worsened by the economic depression of 1819.<ref>Carmony, p. 13</ref> Around 1820 federal deposits at the First State Bank were suspended and the bank's notes were no longer accepted for purchases from federal land offices.<ref name=C1920/> Numerous reports of corruption at the Bank of Vincennes and the collapse of land values, brought on by the [[panic of 1819]], put the bank in further financial distress. By 1821 the bank was insolvent. In June 1822 the Knox County circuit court declared the First State Bank had forfeited its charter. In November 1823 the Indiana Supreme Court upheld the termination of the bank's charter and concluded that the First State Bank had "embezzled" $250,000 of federal deposits, issued more paper than it could redeem, had debt exceeding the limited allowed under its charter, established more branches than its capital and [[coins|specie]] could support, paid shareholders large dividends, and took steps to dissolve without paying debts owed.<ref>Carmony, p. 24</ref> For several years after the First State Bank's failure, Indiana citizens depended on the Bank of the United States, with a branch in Louisville, and the Farmers and Mechanics Bank of Madison for financial services.<ref name=g45/> Farmers and Mechanics Banks fared better than the First State Bank of Indiana, but its charter expired on January 1, 1835, and its paper passed at depreciated rates for several years.<ref>Carmony, p. 25</ref> Jennings was criticized for not monitoring the state's banks more carefully and investigating bank officials for potential wrongdoing.<ref name=g45/>

Most of Jennings second term was spent grappling with the state's continuing financial difficulties. When tax revenues and land sales remained low, the state's revenue was not sufficient to repay the bonds it used to finance internal improvements. The Indiana General Assembly was forced to significantly depreciate the value of its bonds, harming the state's credit and making it difficult to secure new loans.<ref name = g40/>

During his tenure as governor Jennings nominated three candidates to the [[Indiana Supreme Court]]: John Johnson, James Scott, and [[Jesse Lynch Holman]]. All three were quickly confirmed by the state legislature.<ref name=g44/><ref>Carmony, p. 9</ref>

===Treaty of St. Mary's===
{{See also|Treaty of St. Mary's}}

[[Image:Indiana Indian treaties.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Map showing treaties negotiated by Jennings.]]

In late 1818, Jennings was appointed as a federal commissioner, along with [[Lewis Cass]] and [[Benjamin Parke]], to negotiate a treaty with the [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] (Potawatomi, Wea, Miami, and Delaware), who lived in the northern and central parts of Indiana.<ref name=r234>Riker, p. 234</ref> The [[Treaty of St. Mary's]] allowed the State of Indiana to purchase millions of acres of land north of an 1809 treaty line and extending west to the Wabash River and two more parcels of land, which opened most of central Indiana to American settlement.<ref name=c263>Cayton, p. 263</ref> The appointment created a crisis in Jennings's political career.<ref>Mills, p. 189</ref> Because the state constitution prohibited a person from holding a federal government position while exercising duties as the state's governor, Jennings's political enemies seized the opportunity to force him from office by arguing that he had vacated the governor's office when he accepted the federal appointment.<ref name=r234/><ref name = w37>Woollen, p. 37</ref>

[[Lieutenant Governor of Indiana|Lieutenant Governor]] [[Christopher Harrison]] claimed that Jennings had "abandoned" his elected office and took over as the state's acting governor in Jennings's absence.<ref>Mills, p. 91</ref> In the meantime the [[Indiana House of Representatives]] launched an investigation. When Jennings learned of the situation, he was "mortified" that his actions were being questioned and burned the documents he received from the federal government that related to his assignment.<ref name = d377>Dunn, p. 377</ref><ref name=m19192>Mills, p. 191–92</ref> The legislature called Jennings and Harrison to appear for questioning; however, Jennings declined, stating the assembly did not have the authority to interrogate him, and Harrison refused to appear unless the assembly recognized him as the acting governor.<ref name = m19394>Mills, p. 193–94</ref> Because neither of the two men would meet with the legislature, the assembly demanded copies of the documents that Jennings received from the federal government to prove he was not acting as its agent. Jennings responded:
<blockquote>If I were in possession of any public documents calculated to advance the public interest, it would give me pleasure to furnish them, and I shall at all times be prepared to afford you any information which the constitution or laws of the State may require.... If the difficulty, real or supposed, has grown out of the circumstances of my having been connected with the negotiation at St Mary's, I feel it my duty to state to the committee that I acted from an entire conviction of its propriety and an anxious desire, on my part, to promote the welfare and accomplish the wishes of the whole people of the State in assisting to add a large and fertile tract of country to that which we already possess.<ref name = d377/></blockquote>

The legislature summoned everyone in the surrounding area who had any knowledge of the events at Saint Mary's, but found that no one was certain of Jennings's role in the commission. After a short debate, the House passed a resolution, voting 15 to 13, to recognize Jennings as governor and dropped it proceedings against him.<ref name = m19394/><ref>Woollen, p. 38</ref><ref group = n>The House committee investigation concluded Jennings had accepted a federal commission, but "was not prepared to say what its effect might be." See Carmony, p. 27.</ref> The House votes opposing Jennings came largely from the state's western counties.<ref>Carmony, p. 27</ref> Harrison was outraged by the decision and resigned as lieutenant governor.<ref>Mills, p. 194</ref>

In 1820 Harrison ran against Jennings in his reelection bid. Jennings won the election by a large majority, 11,256 votes to Harrison's 2,008.<ref name = w39>Woollen, p. 39</ref><ref>Mills, p. 196</ref> Jennings's win by a three-to-one margin suggests he remained a popular politician and the state's voters were not overly concerned by attacks on the governor's character.<ref>Carmony, p. 29</ref>

===Personal financial problems===
[[Image:Jennings mansion.jpg|right|thumb|Drawing of the home of Jonathan Jennings while he lived in Corydon, the first official governor's residence.]]

Jennings's personal finances suffered from the panic of 1819, while the Indiana governorship continued to increase his financial burden. Jennings was never able to recover from his debts.<ref name=r235>Riker, p. 235</ref> One historian suggests that Jennings's financial situation may arisen from the expenses incurred during his political campaigns, his long-time service in state government, and being too busy to adequately manage his farm.<ref name=m18788>Mills, p. 187–88</ref> Jennings and his wife frequently entertained visitors, legislators, and other dignitaries at their Corydon home. At a high-profile dinner in 1819, he hosted President [[James Monroe]] and General [[Andrew Jackson]] at a dinner held in their honor in Jeffersonville, when the two leaders were making a tour of the frontier states.<ref>Mills, p. 177</ref><ref>Carmony, p. 453</ref> In 1822 Jennings solicited a $1,000 personal loan from the [[Harmonists]] in a letter to his political ally, [[George Rapp]], but his request was denied. Jennings was able to secure personal loans from friends by granting mortgages on his land.<ref name=m18788/> Earlier in his career as a land speculator at Vincennes, when land prices decreased significantly, he was forced to sell several tracts of land at a loss.<ref name=r22526/><ref>Cayton, p. 245</ref>

By the late 1820s Jennings was critically short of cash.<ref>Mills, p. 218</ref> He depended on income from political office to pay his expenses. His farm was not likely to provide sufficient financial support. Because the thirty-eight-year-old Jennings was prohibited by law from running for reelection to a third term as Indiana governor in 1823, he was forced to consider other political options.<ref name=m198200>Mills, p. 198–200</ref><ref group = n>At that time Jennings was ineligible for re-election because the state constitution restricted the governor's term of service to a maximum of six years in a period of nine and Jennings had already served two three-year terms as governor. See Carmony, p. 80–81.</ref> Jennings decided to return to Congress.

===Return to Congress===
[[Image:Jonathan Jennings gravestone 002.JPG|thumb|Burial site of Jennings in the [[Charlestown, Indiana|Charlestown]] Cemetery.]]

In September 1822, shortly before his second term as governor expired, Jennings became a candidate for Congress after [[William Hendricks]] resigned his seat to run for Indiana governor.<ref name=r235/><ref>Gugin and St. Clair, p. 46</ref><ref name=C45658>Carmony, p. 456–58</ref><ref group = n>Historians have debated the idea that Jennings made an arrangement with Hendricks. In exchange for Jennings's support of Hendricks for the governorship, Hendricks would resign from Congress and support Jennings in the special election for the vacant congressional seat. See Mills, p. 199–200</ref> A special election was held on August 5, 1822, to fill Hendricks's vacant seat in Congress. At the same time, the state's increased population gave Indiana three congressional seats. A regular congressional election was held on the same day to elect three Indiana congressmen. Jennings and Davis Floyd were the principal candidates in the special election, which Jennings won.<ref name=C45658/> In the regular election to fill the seat for Indiana's Second Congressional District, Jennings easily won, defeating James Scott by a wide margin.<ref name=C45658/><ref>Mills, p. 204</ref> Jennings became a [[Democratic-Republican]] to the [[17th Congress]] and [[Lieutenant Governor of Indiana|Lieutenant Governor]] [[Ratliff Boon]] succeeded him as governor. Hendricks ran unopposed and was subsequently elected as governor to succeed Boon.<ref name = g40/><ref>Carmony, p. 80–81</ref> Jennings won reelection to Congress and represented Indiana's Second District until in 1830.<ref name=r235>Riker, p. 235</ref> He became a [[Jacksonian Republican]] in the [[18th United States Congress|18th Congress]], but switched his allegiance, becoming an Adams Republican in the [[19th Congress|19th]] and [[20th United States Congress|20th]] Congresses, and then aligned with the [[Anti-Jacksonian]]s in the [[21st Congress]].

Jennings continued to promote internal infrastructure improvements throughout his term in Congress.<ref name=m216>Mills, p. 216</ref> He introduced legislation to build more forts in the northwest, to grant federal funding for improvement projects in Indiana and Ohio, and led the debate in support of using federal funds to build the nations longest canal, [[Wabash and Erie Canal]], through Indiana. He introduced a legislative amendment that made a provision to locate and survey the [[National Road]] to the west, toward the [[Mississippi River]], so the people living in Indiana and Illinois would have some assurance that the road's large federal appropriation would benefit them directly.<ref>Riker, p. 234–35</ref> Jennings helped secure appropriation of funds to survey the Wabash River and make it more accessible to year-round steamboat travel.<ref name=r236>Riker, p. 236</ref>

In his reelection as the Second District congressman, Jennings supported tariff protection and internal improvements and vowed to support the presidential candidate that his constituents preferred if the election went to the House to decide the winner. Jennings won reelection to Congress in a close race, beating Jeremiah Sullivan of Madison.<ref>Carmony, p. 484–85</ref> In the presidential election of 1824 American political parties organized around three candidates: [[Andrew Jackson]] running against [[John Quincy Adams]] and [[Henry Clay]]. Jennings favored Adams, and later, Clay; however, when the contested presidential election passed to the House in 1825, Jennings voted with the majority and gave his political support to Jackson, but he was defeated in the House and Adams became president.<ref name=r236/><ref>Mills, p. 212</ref><ref group = n>Indiana's popular and electoral votes supported Jackson. Jennings may have used this information to decide his vote in Congress. See Riker, p. 236.</ref> Indiana voters who supported Jackson hoped for a victory in the next election.<ref group = n>In 1826, when William Henry Harrison returned to Indiana to stump for Adams, Jennings and Harrison found themselves on the same side. The two men toured the state together, endorsing [[John Quincy Adams|Adams]], and gave speeches that suggested they had reconciled their political differences and ended their feud. See Mills, p. 213</ref>

Jennings, seeking to advance his political career, ran for the [[United States Senate|Senate]] twice, but was defeated in both attempts.<ref name=r235/> In 1825 he was a senate candidate at a time when the Indiana General Assembly elected the state's senators to Congress. On the first ballot [[Isaac Blackford]] came in first, the incumbent governor, William Hendricks, came in second, and Jennings was third. On the fourth ballot Hendricks won the senate seat.<ref>Mills, p. 207–8</ref> In his second attempt Jennings lost to [[James Noble (senator)|James Noble]].<ref name=m216/>

Jennings's wife died in 1826 after a protected illness; the couple had no children. Jennings was deeply saddened by her loss and began to drink liquor more heavily.<ref>Mills, p. 210</ref> Later that year he married Clarissa Barbee, but his drinking condition only worsened and he was frequently inebriated.

While serving in Congress, Jennings's health continued to decline as he struggled with alcohol addiction and suffered from severe [[rheumatism]].<ref>Mills, p. 209</ref> In 1827 ceiling plaster from Jennings's Washington D.C. boarding room fell on his head, severely injuring him, and ill health limited his ability to visit his constituents,<ref name="Mills, p. 219"/> but he continued to remain a popular politician in Indiana. In the congressional election of 1826, Jennings ran unopposed.<ref>Carmony, p. 487</ref> He won reelection in 1828, soundly defeating his opponent, Indiana's lieutenant governor, John H. Thompson. Jennings did not publicly favor a presidential candidate and won the Second District seat with support from voters who favored Jackson and Adams.<ref>Carmony, p. 511–13</ref> During Jennings's final term in office House journals show that he introduced no legislation, was frequently not present to vote on matters, and only once delivered a speech. Jennings's friends, led by [[United States Senator|Senator]] [[John Tipton]], took note of his situation and took action to block Jennings's reelection bid when his drinking became a political liability.<ref name = w39/><ref name=m22223>Mills, p. 222–23</ref> [[John Carr (Indiana)|John Carr]], anti-Jackson man, opposed Jennings in a six-way race for the congressional seat and won the election.<ref name=m22223/> Tipton had arranged for others to enter the race and divide Jennings's supporters. Jennings left office on March 3, 1831.

==Later years==
Jennings was twice-elected Grand Master of the Indiana Grand Lodge of Freemasons, serving in 1824 and 1825. He declined reelection in 1825.<ref name = r237>Riker, p. 237</ref>

===Retirement===
Jennings retired with his wife, Clarissa, to his home in Charlestown.<ref name=w39/> Tipton may have felt it had been mistake to force Jennings out of public service and hoped that work would force him to give up alcohol. In 1831 Tipton secured Jennings an appointment to negotiate a treaty with native tribes in northern Indiana.<ref name=m224>Mills, p. 224</ref> Jennings attended the negotiations of the [[Treaty of Tippecanoe]], but the delegation failed in their attempt.<ref name=m22526>Mills, p. 225–26</ref> Afterwards, Jennings returned to his farm, where his health steadily declined. He continued drinking alcohol, spending considerable time a local tavern, and was frequently discovered sleeping in streets or in roadside ditches.<ref name=m224/><ref group = n>In the early 1830s Jennings made a pledge to stop drinking, but was he was unable to remain sober for long. See Mills, p. 222.</ref> Jenning's alcoholism worsened to the point where he was no longer able to tend his farm. Without a steady income Jennings's creditors began moving to seize his estate. In 1832 Tipton acquired the mortgage on Jennings's farm and enlisted the help of a local financier, [[James Lanier]], to acquire the debts on Jennings's other holdings.<ref name=m22526/><ref group = n>Jennings owed more than a thousand dollars on his mortgaged farm. See Mills, p. 226–27</ref> Tipton allowed Jennings to remain on his mortgaged farm for the remainder of Jennings's life and encouraged Lanier to grant the same permission.<ref>Mills, p. 228</ref>

Jennings died of a heart attack, most likely brought on by another bout with jaundice, on July 26, 1834, at his farm near Charlestown. He was fifty years old.<ref>Mills, p. xxvi and 228</ref> Jennings was buried after a brief ceremony in an unmarked grave. His estate lacked the funds to purchase a headstone.<ref>Owen, p. 248</ref> Jennings's creditors, many of whom were his neighbors, were left unpaid and disgruntled. Following Jennings's death, Tipton sold the Jennings farm to Joseph Carr and gave Jennings's widow a $100 gift from the proceeds.<ref name = m22930/>

==Legacy==

===Memorials===
In the late nineteenth century several attempts were made to erect a monument honoring Jennings's public service. On three separate occasions, in 1861, 1869 and 1889, petitions were brought before the Indiana General Assembly to erect a marker for Jennings's grave, but each attempt failed. In 1892 the state legislature finally granted the petition to erect a monument in his honor. Around the same time, after Jennings's unmarked gravesite was independently verified by three witnesses to his burial, his body was exhumed and reinterred at a new site at the Charlestown cemetery.<ref name=m22930/><ref group = n>Jennings's original burial site would have been forgotten if a group of school children who attended his funeral and were the only witnesses who were still living had not been able to identify its location. See Mills, p. 229.</ref>

Jonathan Jennings Elementary School in [[Charlestown, Indiana|Charlestown]] and [[Jennings County, Indiana|Jennings County]] are both named in his honor.<ref>Goodrich and Tuttle, p. 563</ref>

===Political impact===
Historians have offered varied interpretations of Jennings's life and his impact on the development of Indiana.<ref name=m22930>Mills, p. 229–30</ref> The state's early historians, William Wesley Woollen and [[Jacob Piatt Dunn]] Jr., wrote of Jennings in an almost mythical manner, focusing on the strong positive leadership he provided Indiana in its formative years. Dunn referred to Jennings as the "young Hercules", praising his crusade against Harrison and slavery.<ref>Mills, p. xiii</ref> Woolen's assessment was also positive: "Indiana owes him a debt more than she can compute."<ref name=w41/><ref name=m232>Mills, p. 232</ref> During the [[prohibition era]] in the early twentieth century, historians Logan Esarey and Arthur Blythe were more critical of Jennings.<ref name=mxv>Mills, p. xv</ref> Esarey, who wrote about Jennings during the height of Prohibition, when attitudes towards alcohol consumption was particularly harsh, was highly critical of Jennings's alcoholism and destitution.<ref name=mxvii>Mills, p. xvi and xvii</ref> Blythe described Jennings's abilities as "mediocre."<ref name=mxv/> Esarey argued that Jennings "took no decisive stand" on the important issues<ref>Esarey, p. 28</ref> and dismissed his importance and impact on Indiana, saying the legislature and its leading men set the tone of the era. In 1954 John Barnhart and Donald Carmony described Jennings as a "shrewd politician rather than a statesman", whose leadership was "not evident" at the 1816 convention.<ref name=mxvii/> Carmony argued that Jennings's "intemperance and poverty, should not obscure his significant contributions as territorial delegate to Congress, president of the Corydon Constitutional Convention, first state governor, and congressman."<ref>Carmony, p. 532–33</ref>

Modern historians, Howard Peckham, Randy Mills, Andrew R. L. Cayton, and Dorothy Riker, argue that Jennings's legacy may lie "somewhere between the two extremes" of Dunn's and Esarey's assessments.<ref>Riker, p. 239</ref> Mills agrees with Woollen that Indiana owes Jennings a debt of gratitude. Although Jennings's accomplishments were not extensive, he did a "commendable" job for his stewardship of a state in "transition to a more democratic form of government".<ref name=w41/><ref name=m232/> Cayton describes Jennings as "ambitious", "passionate", "hot-tempered", and "moody". He argues that Jennings was a successful campaigner, but an "indifferent" statesman and governor who was "not very good at laying out an agenda and achieving its implementation".<ref>Cayton, p. 227, 249–50</ref>

Jennings believed in popular democracy, opposed slavery, and despised aristocrats, especially William Henry Harrison, for "trampling on the rights of his fellow Americans."<ref>Cayton, p. 226–27</ref> His service as Indiana's governor and representative to Congress came at the end of one political era and the beginning of another, when governmental power and authority shifted from the governor and his patronage appointments to the state legislature and elected officials.<ref>Mills, p. 230–31</ref>

==Electoral history==

===Territorial delegate===
{{See also|Indiana Territory's At-large congressional district}}

{{Election box begin no change |title=Indiana Territory delegate to Congress, at-large, special election, 1809}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Independent (politics)
|candidate = Jonathan Jennings
|votes =429
|percentage = 46.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Independent (politics)
|candidate = Thomas Randolph
|votes = 405
|percentage =44.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Independent (politics)
|candidate = [[General Washington Johnston]]
|votes = 81
|percentage =8.7
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin no change |title=Indiana Territory delegate to Congress, at-large, 1810}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Independent (politics)
|candidate = Jonathan Jennings (incumbent)
|votes =523
|percentage = 52.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Independent (politics)
|candidate = Thomas Randolph
|votes = 476
|percentage =47.6
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin no change |title=Indiana Territory delegate to Congress, at-large, 1812}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Independent (politics)
|candidate = Jonathan Jennings (incumbent)
|votes =922
|percentage = 70.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Independent (politics)
|candidate = [[Waller Taylor]]
|votes = 548
|percentage =29.7
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin no change |title=Indiana Territory delegate to Congress, at-large, 1814}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Independent (politics)
|candidate = Jonathan Jennings (incumbent)
|votes =1802
|percentage = 69.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Independent (politics)
|candidate = Elijah Sparks
|votes = 848
|percentage =33.8
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Gubernatorial elections===
{{Election box begin no change |title=Indiana gubernatorial election, 1816<ref name="w33"/><ref name = cq1119>Congressional Quarterly, p. 1119</ref>}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Democratic-Republican
|candidate = Jonathan Jennings
|votes = 5,211
|percentage = 57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Democratic-Republican
|candidate = [[Thomas Posey]]
|votes = 3,934
|percentage = 43
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin no change |title=Indiana gubernatorial election, 1819<ref name = cq1119/><ref>Gugin and St. Clair, p. 51</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Democratic-Republican
|candidate = Jonathan Jennings (incumbent)
|votes = 11,256
|percentage = 84.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Christopher Harrison]]
|votes = 2,008
|percentage = 15.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Samuel Carr
|votes = 80
|percentage = —
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Indiana's 2nd Congressional district===
{{See also|Indiana's 2nd Congressional district}}

{{Election box begin no change |title=Indiana's 2nd Congressional district, 1822<ref>Congressional Quarterly, p. 541</ref>}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Jacksonian Republican
|candidate = Jonathan Jennings
|votes =15,129
|percentage = 100
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin no change |title=Indiana's 2nd Congressional district, 1824<ref>Congressional Quarterly, p. 545</ref>}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = National Republican Party
|candidate = Jonathan Jennings (incumbent)
|votes =4,680
|percentage = 53.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = National Republican Party
|candidate = [[Jeremiah Sullivan]]
|votes =4,119
|percentage = 46.8
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin no change |title=Indiana's 2nd Congressional district, 1826<ref>Congressional Quarterly, p. 548</ref>}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = National Republican Party
|candidate = Jonathan Jennings (incumbent)
|votes =7913
|percentage = 99.5
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin no change |title=Indiana's 2nd Congressional district, 1828<ref>Congressional Quarterly, p. 551</ref>}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Anti-Jacksonian
|candidate = Jonathan Jennings (incumbent)
|votes =7,659
|percentage = 73.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Independent (politics)
|candidate = John H. Thompson
|votes =2,785
|percentage = 26.7
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin no change |title=Indiana's 2nd Congressional district, 1830<ref>Congressional Quarterly, p. 556</ref>}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Jacksonian Republican
|candidate = [[John Carr (Indiana)|John Carr]]
|votes =4,854
|percentage = 32.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Anti-Jacksonian
|candidate = [[William W. Wick]]
|votes =4,605
|percentage = 31.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Independent (politics)
|candidate = [[James B. Ray]]
|votes =1,732
|percentage = 11.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Anti-Jacksonian
|candidate = Jonathan Jennings (incumbent)
|votes =1,680
|percentage = 11.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Independent (politics)
|candidate = John H. Thompson
|votes =1,486
|percentage = 10.0
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Indiana}}
*[[History of Indiana]]
*[[List of Governors of Indiana]]
{{-}}

==Footnotes==
<references group =n/>

==References==

===Notes===
{{Reflist|colwidth=15em}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book | author =Barnhart, John D., and Donald F. Carmony| title =Indiana: From Frontier to Industrial Commonwealth | publisher =Lewis Historical Publishing Company | series = | volume =1 | edition = | year =1954 | location =New York | pages = | url = | isbn =}}
*{{cite book | last =Carmony | first =Donald F. | coauthors = | title =Indiana, 1816–1850: The Pioneer Era | publisher =Indiana Historical Bureau and the Indiana Historical Society | series =The History of Indiana | volume =2 | edition = | year =1998 | location =Indianapolis | pages = | url = | isbn =0-87195-124-X}}
*{{cite book | last =Cayton | first =Andrew R. L. | coauthors = | title =Frontier Indiana | publisher =Indiana University Press | series = | volume = | edition = | year =1996 | location =Bloomington | pages = | url = | isbn =}}
*{{cite book|title=Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections|isbn=1-56802-602-1|publisher=CQ Press|location=Washington, D.C.}}
*{{cite book|author=[[Jacob Piatt Dunn|Dunn, Jacob Piatt]]|title=Indiana and Indianans: A History of Aboriginal and Territorial Indiana and the Century of Statehood|location=New York and Chicago|publisher=[[American Historical Society]]|year=1919}}
*{{cite book|author=Esarey, Logan |title=Messages and Papers of Jonathan Jennings, Ratliff Boone, William Hendricks, 1816-1825 | location =Indianapolis | publisher = Indiana Historical Commission | year=1924}}
*{{cite book|author=Goodrich, De Witt C., and Charles Richard Tuttle |title=An Illustrated History of the State of Indiana|year=1875|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-1ntxcb7KJYC}}
*{{cite book|editor=Gugin, Linda C., and James E. St. Clair |title=The Governors of Indiana|publisher=Indiana Historical Society Press|location=Indianapolis|year=2006|isbn=0-87195-196-7}}
*{{cite book|title=Jonathan Jennings: Indiana's First Governor|author=Mills, Randy Keith|publisher=[[Indiana Historical Society]] Press|location=Indianapolis|year= 2005|isbn=978-0-87195-182-3}}
*{{cite book|title=Mr. Jefferson's Hammer|pages=248|author=Owen, Robert|year=2007|isbn=0-8061-3842-4|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|location=Norman}}
*{{cite journal | last =Riker | first =Dorothy L. | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =Jonathan Jennings | journal =Indiana Magazine of History | volume =28 | issue =4 | pages =223–39 | publisher =Indiana University | location =Bloomington | date =December 1932 | url = http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/imh/view.do?docId=VAA4025-028-4-a01 | accessdate =2013-05-29}}
*{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=PCbZ8rS-84gC|title=Biographical and Historical Sketches of Early Indiana|author=Woollen, William Wesley|publisher=Ayer Publishing|year=1975|isbn=0-405-06896-4}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
*[http://www.in.gov/history/2461.htm Biography of Jonathan Jennings], [[Indiana Historical Bureau]]
*{{CongBio|J000097}}
*[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=5796 Jonathan Jennings] on Find-A-Grave

{{wikipedia}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jennings, Jonathan}}
[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Indiana history]]

Jonathan Jennings

2016-03-30T05:05:27Z

Jlharl: sign

Note: This was imported to provide more examples of pages without my having to do extensive editing directly to them, but I failed to realize this particular page was filled with templates and links that have no chance of creation. This note is simply here to tell you that this is not what an actual article might look like as created and edited by fourth graders but is here to provide an example of a topic fourth graders might create an article about. - [[User:Jlharl|jlharl]] ([[User talk:Jlharl|talk]]) 01:05, 30 March 2016 (EDT)

{{About|the politician|the gridiron football player|Jonathon Jennings}}
{{Infobox Politician
|name =Jonathan Jennings
|image =JonathanJennings.jpg
|caption =Official portrait of Jonathan Jennings by James Forbes, based on a small portrait of Jennings painted in 1809.
|width = 240px
|order =1st
|office =Governor of Indiana
|term_start =December 12, 1816
|term_end =September 12, 1822
|lieutenant =[[Christopher Harrison]] [[Ratliff Boon]]
|predecessor =[[Thomas Posey]] as Territorial Governor
|successor =[[Ratliff Boon]]
|order1 =Member of the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] from [[Indiana's 1st congressional district|Indiana's 1st district]]
|term_start1 =December 2, 1822
|term_end1 =March 3, 1831
|predecessor1 =[[William Hendricks]]
|successor1 =[[John Carr (Indiana)|John Carr]]
|order2 =Delegate to the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] from [[Indiana Territory's At-large congressional district|Indiana Territory]]
|term_start2 =November 27, 1809
|term_end2 =December 11, 1816
|predecessor2 =[[Jesse B. Thomas]]
|successor2 =[[William Hendricks]]<ref group = n>Hendricks was the first representative of the State of Indiana.</ref>
|birth_date= March 27, 1784
|birth_place= [[Readington, New Jersey]]
|death_date= {{BirthDeathAge| |1784|03|27 |1834|07|26}}
|death_place= [[Charlestown, Indiana]]
|spouse = Ann Gilmore Hay
|party = [[Democratic-Republican]]
|religion= [[Presbyterian]]<ref name = w29>Woollen, p. 29</ref>
|profession = [[lawyer]] [[farmer]] [[politician]]
|children = none
|signature=Jonathan Jennings Signature.svg
}}

'''Jonathan Jennings''' (March 27, 1784 – July 26, 1834) was the [[List of Governors of Indiana|first]] [[governor of Indiana]] and a nine-term congressman from [[Indiana]]. Born in either [[Hunterdon County, New Jersey]], or [[Rockbridge County, Virginia]], he studied law before immigrating to the [[Indiana Territory]] in 1806. Jennings initially intended to practice law, but took jobs as an assistant at the federal land office at [[Vincennes, Indiana|Vincennes]] and assistant to the clerk of the territorial legislature to support himself, and pursued interests in land speculation and politics. Jennings became involved in a dispute with the territorial governor, [[William Henry Harrison]], that soon led him to enter politics and set the tone for his early political career. In 1808 Jennings moved to the eastern part of the Indiana Territory and settled near [[Charlestown, Indiana|Charlestown]], in [[Clark County, Indiana|Clark County]]. He was elected as the [[Indiana Territory]]'s delegate to the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]] by dividing the pro-Harrison supporters and running as an anti-Harrison candidate. By 1812 he was the leader of the anti-slavery and pro-statehood faction of the territorial government. Jennings and his political allies took control of the territorial assembly and dominated governmental affairs after the resignation of Governor Harrison in 1812. As a congressional delegate Jennings aided passage of the Enabling Act in 1816, which authorized the organization of Indiana's state government and state constitution. He was elected president of the [[Constitution of Indiana|Indiana constitutional convention]], held in Corydon in June 1816, where he helped draft the state's first constitution. Jennings supported the effort to ban slavery in the state and favored a strong legislative branch of government.

In August 1816 Jennings was elected to serve as the first [[governor of Indiana]] at age 32, and re-elected for an additional term. He pressed for the construction of roads and schools, and negotiated the [[Treaty of St. Mary's]] to open up central Indiana to American settlement. His opponents attacked his participation in the treaty negotiations as unconstitutional and brought impeachment proceedings against him, a measure that was narrowly defeated by a vote of 15 to 13 after a month-long investigation and the resignation of the lieutenant governor. During his second term and following the [[panic of 1819]], Jennings encountered financial problems, a situation exacerbated by his inability to keep up with his business interests and run the state government simultaneously. Ineligible for another term as Indiana governor under the state constitution, Jennings looked for other means of financial support. Shortly before completion of his second term as governor in 1822, Jennings was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, before retiring from public service in 1831. In Congress Jennings promoted federal spending on [[internal improvements]].

Jennings had been a heavy drinker of alcohol for much of his life. His addiction worsened after the death of his first wife, Ann, and his development of [[rheumatism]]. Jennings's alcoholism led to defeat in his reelection campaign in 1830. In retirement his condition worsened and he was unable to work his farm. When his finances collapsed, his creditors sought to take his land holdings and [[Charlestown, Indiana|Charlestown]] farm. To protect his friend, [[United States Senator|U.S. Senator]] [[John Tipton]] purchased Jennings's farm and permitted him to continue living there. After Jennings's death, his estate was sold, but it left no funds to purchase a headstone for his grave, which remained unmarked for fifty-seven years.

Historians have offered varied interpretations of Jennings's life and impact on the development of Indiana. Early state historians, [[Jacob Piatt Dunn]] Jr. and William Wesley Woollen, gave Jennings high praise and credited him with the defeat of the pro-slavery forces in Indiana and with laying the foundation of the state. More critical historians during the [[prohibition era]], such as Logan Eseray, described Jennings as a crafty and self-promoting politician and focused on his alcoholism. Among the modern historians, Randy Mills places Jennings's importance between the two extremes, but agreed with Woolen's assessment that the state "owes him more than she can compute."

==Early life==

===Family background===
Jonathan Jennings, the son of Jacob and Mary Kennedy Jennings, was born in either [[Readington, New Jersey|Readington Township]], [[Hunterdon County, New Jersey]], or [[Rockbridge County, Virginia]], on March 27, 1784.<ref>Cayton, p. 277</ref><ref name=m8>Mills, p. 8</ref> He was the sixth of the Jennings's eight children.<ref name=r223>Riker, p. 223</ref><ref name=g40>Gugan and St. Clair, p. 40</ref> His father was a doctor, [[Presbyterian]] missionary, and an ordained [[preacher|minister]] in the Dutch Reformed Church.<ref name=r223/><ref>Mills, p. 7–8</ref> His mother, who was well educated and practiced medicine, was the daughter of Samuel Kennedy, a [[Presbyterian]] minister at [[Basking Ridge, New Jersey]].<ref name=r223/> Mary, who may have had a medical degree, assisted her husband in his practice.<ref>Mills, p. 2</ref> Around 1790 Jennings's father moved the family to Dunlap Creek in [[Fayette County, Pennsylvania]], where Jennings remained until his adulthood. After his mother's death in 1792, Jennings was raised by his older sister, Sarah, and his brother, Ebenezer.<ref>Mills, p. 4</ref> Jennings was particularly close to Ebenezer and his younger sister, Ann, and her husband, David G. Mitchell, who was a physician.<ref>Riker, p. 223–24</ref><ref>Mills, p. 5</ref> Jennings was schooled at home, then attended the nearby [[grammar school]] in [[Canonsburg, Pennsylvania]], where he received a basic education. Two of his classmates, [[William Hendricks]] and [[William W. Wick]], would later become his political allies.<ref name = w29/><ref name=m8/> Jennings studied law in Washington, Pennsylvania.<ref name=g41>Gugin and St. Clair, p. 41</ref> By 1806 Jennings had left Pennsylvania and moved to [[Steubenville, Ohio]], where his brother, Obadiah, had a law office.<ref name=r225>Riker, p. 225</ref> Jennings helped Obadiah in cases before the [[Ohio Supreme Court]].<ref>Mills, p. 12</ref>

In 1806 Jennings headed west to [[Jeffersonville, Indiana|Jeffersonville]] in the [[Indiana Territory]], but stayed only briefly.<ref name=g41/> He moved to [[Vincennes, Indiana|Vincennes]], the capital of the Indiana Territory, in early 1807 to open his own law practice and was admitted to the bar in April.<ref name=g41/><ref name=r225/><ref>Mills, p. 76</ref> Jennings had difficulty earning an income as a lawyer, finding there were too few clients in the territory to keep him busy.<ref name = w29/> In July 1807 Nathaniel Ewing, the federal land receiver at Vincennes and a friend from Pennsylvania, invited Jennings to take a job as assistant to John Badollet, the registrar at the federal land office in Vincennes.<ref>Mills, p. 59–60 and 71–72</ref> Along with Badollet, Jennings engaged in land speculation. He obtained significant land holdings and made substantial profits.<ref>Mills, p. 38 and 76</ref> In 1807 Jennings became an assistant to the clerk of the territorial legislature and continued to speculate on the sale of public lands.<ref name=g41/><ref name=r22526>Riker, p. 225–26</ref>

===Confrontation with Harrison===
In August 1807 Jennings was appointed clerk of the [[Vincennes University]] board of trustees and began to be drawn into ongoing political disputes going on territory. The territorial governor, [[William Henry Harrison]], was a member and president of the board.<ref>Riker, p. 226</ref><ref>Mills, p. xxv and 85</ref><ref group = n>Harrison, who came from a well-connected political family in Virginia, had served as an officer in the [[Northwest Indian War]] and as a territorial delegate to Congress. Harrison later became a U.S. senator, ambassador, and president. See Gugin and St. Clair, p. 18–26</ref> As governor of the Indiana Territory, Harrison wielded considerable influence through his political appointments and veto powers.<ref>Mills, p. 46–47</ref> Jennings received the university appointment after General Washington Johnston resigned as clerk of the board following a dispute over Harrison's proposal to ban the French residents of Vincennes from using the university's commons. The board defeated Harrison's proposal, but Johnston resigned as its clerk and Jennings was selected as his replacement over Henry Hurst, one of Harrison's loyal supporters. Harrison was outraged and promptly resigned from the board, but later reconsidered his decision. In September 1807 Harrison was easily reelected to the board and selected as its president. In the meantime, Johnston wrote a pamphlet describing the board's proceedings, which Jennings certified without the board's knowledge or approval. Jennings further angered Harrison when he attempted to secure a clerkship in the territorial legislature. Jennings's opponent for the clerkship was the anti-slavery candidate [[Davis Floyd]], an enemy of Harrison. After Jennings dropped out of the race, Floyd was selected for the position and became an important political ally to Jennings.<ref name=m8087>Mills, p. 80–87</ref> In April 1808, with Harrison reelected as president of the Vincennes University board, a commission was appointed to investigate Jennings's conduct.<ref name=m87>Mills, p. 87</ref> The committee's inquiry concerned Jennings's certification of Johnston's pamphlet dealing with board proceedings without their knowledge.<ref>Riker, p. 226–27</ref> The incident led to Jennings's resignation in 1808 and created a considerable amount of animosity between the two that prevailed for many years.<ref name=m87/><ref group = n>The incident is significant given that Jennings and Harrison were political opponents later in Jennings's career, but records do not exist that describe their relationship when Jennings lived in Vincennes. The board inquiry appears to be based on Jennings's certification of the pamphlet dealing with board proceedings rather than political opposition. See Riker, p. 227.</ref>

By March 1808, Jennings believed that his future in the Harrison-dominated western part of the territory was bleak. By November he had left Vincennes and moved to [[Jeffersonville, Indiana|Jeffersonville]], in [[Clark County, Indiana|Clark County]], Indiana Territory, before settling in nearby [[Charlestown, Indiana|Charlestown]].<ref>Mills, p. 88</ref> Jennings may have believed his political future would have more success in the eastern part of the territory.<ref>Riker, p. 228</ref><ref>Mills, p. 89</ref> Settlements in the southeast and eastern portion of the territory opposed slavery and Harrison's aristocratic manner, which were similar to Jennings's beliefs, while the western portion of the territory and Vincennes area remained proslavery.<ref name = w30>Woolen, p. 30</ref><ref name=m92>Mills, p. 92</ref><ref group = n>When the Indiana Territory was organized in 1800 the people living in the territory favored slavery; however, after it was divided into the Indiana and Illinois territories in 1809 and the Illinois group was removed, the Indiana Territory's remaining proslavery element became much smaller. See Riker, p. 288–89.</ref> Although petitions to allow slavery were received before the formation of the Indiana Territory, the issue attracted widespread attention in 1807 when Harrison and his supporters in the territorial legislature revived efforts to allow slavery in the territory.<ref name = w30/><ref>Cayton, p. 246</ref><ref group = n>Slavery had long existed in the region. It was practiced by the French in the Illinois Country and the area around Vincennes, the center of the pro-slavery establishment in the territory, and by the American settlers from Virginia and the upland South. Although slavery was prohibited throughout the territory, as outlined in the [[Northwest Ordinance]] of 1787, it was not enforced. William Henry Harrison, a Virginian by birth, owned and traded in slaves while serving as territorial governor, as did others who lived in the Indiana Territory. An indentured servant system with long terms of service was created to override the ordinance's statute that prohibited slavery. See Mills, p. 54 and 56.</ref> Jennings and his supporters who opposed slavery wrote writing articles appearing in the Vincennes ''Western Sun'' newspaper attacking Harrison's administration, its pro-slavery sentiments, and aristocratic policies.<ref>Mills, p. xxv</ref>

In 1808, when Congressman [[Benjamin Parke]] resigned from office, Harrison ordered a special election to fill the vacancy. Jennings entered the race against Harrison's candidate, Thomas Randolph, the attorney general for the territory, and John Johnson, a Vincennes native who had the support of the antislavery group.<ref>Mills, p. 51 and 98</ref> Randolph promised not to introduce slavery into the territory unless the majority of his constituents agreed, while Johnson remained silent on the issue. Jennings, an antislavery candidate from the eastern portion of the territory, rode from settlement to settlement to give speeches against slavery.<ref name=r22829>Riker, p. 228–29</ref> Jennings spoke against what he believed to be Randolph's aristocratic tendencies, ties to Harrison's territorial government, and the issue of slavery in the territory.<ref>Mills, p. 102–3</ref> Jennings found his greatest support among the growing [[Quaker]] community in the eastern part of the territory.<ref>Mills, p. 100</ref>

On November 27, 1809, Jennings was elected as a delegate to the [[11th United States Congress|Eleventh Congress]]. The election was close. Jennings beat Randolph, 428 votes to 402, with Johnson taking 81 votes.<ref name = w3031>Woolen, p. 30–31</ref><ref>Mills, p. 105</ref><ref name=r230>Riker, p. 230</ref> Randolph challenged the election results and traveled to Washington D.C. to take his case to the U.S. House of Representatives. Randolph claimed that election officials in Dearborn County did not follow proper procedures for certifying ninety-one votes in the county's seventh district and argued that the votes should be deducted from the vote totals. Once discarded, the revised totals would make Randolph the winner.<ref>Mills, p. 107–08</ref> A House committee took up the case, issued a resolution in Randolph's favor, and recommended that a new election be held. Randolph immediately left for the Indiana Territory to launch a new campaign for the seat, but the House defeated the committee's recommendation by an 83 to 30 vote margin and Jennings was permitted to take his seat.<ref name=r230/><ref>Mills, p. 109–113</ref><ref name = w31>Woolen, p. 31</ref> As a territorial delegate in Congress, Jennings learned the legislative process, served on House committees, introduced legislation, debated issues, and continued his ongoing crusade against Governor Harrison.<ref>Mills, p. 125</ref> Jennings did not play a major role in congressional discussions, but he did make an effort to represent the interests of his constituents. He was reelected in 1811, 1812, and 1814.<ref name=r230/>

===Courtship and marriage===
During his first session in Congress, Jennings had a small portrait of himself made, which he later gave to Ann Gilmore Hay, the daughter of a prominent Charlestown politician, whom he had recently begun courting.<ref group = n>The painting is the only known authentic portrait of Jennings. Both of Jennings's official portraits are based his 1809 portrait. See Mills, p. 133.</ref><ref>Gugan and St. Clair, p. 42</ref><ref>Riker, p. 231</ref> Hay was born in Harrodsburg, Kentucky, in 1792. Her family moved to Clark County in Indiana Territory, and settled in Charlestown. Jennings first met her when he was campaigning for Congress in 1809.<ref>Mills, p. 132</ref> After his first session in Congress ended, Jennings returned to Indiana Territory and married eighteen-year-old Ann on August 8, 1811.<ref name=r232>Riker, p. 232</ref> Ann's father had just died leaving her with no family or means of support.<ref>Mills, p. 133</ref> Following his reelection to Congress in 1811, the couple returned to Washington, where she remained briefly, before traveling to Pennsylvania to live with Jennings's sister, Ann Mitchell, for the remainder of the session.<ref>Mills, p. 136</ref> Jennings's wife suffered from ill health, which deteriorated after he became governor of Indiana in 1816, and she died after a protected illness in 1826.<ref>Mills, p. 175</ref> Later that year Jennings married Clarissa Barbee, who had come from Kentucky to teach at the Charlestown seminary.<ref name=r237/><ref name="Mills, p. 219">Mills, p. 219</ref> Jennings had no children from either marriage.<ref name=w41>Woolen, p. 41</ref><ref>Mills, p. 209–10</ref>

==Congressman==

===Battle with Harrison===
{{See also|History of slavery in Indiana|Indiana in the War of 1812|Tecumseh's War}}

[[File:William H. Harrison.jpg|thumb|right|upright|This [[portrait]] of General [[William Henry Harrison]] in military uniform during the [[War of 1812]].]]

Angered over his electoral loss, Randolph harangued anti-Harrison supporters, even challenging one to a [[duel]]. He was stabbed three times, but recovered and challenged Jennings in his bid for reelection in 1810.<ref>Mills, p. 116–17</ref> Harrison came out to personally stump on Randolph's behalf. Jennings focused on the slavery issue and tied Randolph to Harrison's continued attempts to legalize the institution. The congressional election coincided with the first popular election of delegates to the territorial legislature. In 1809, a year prior to the election, the territory's pro-slavery faction suffered a significant setback when Illinois was separated from the Indiana Territory, cutting Harrison off from his supporters in the western portion of the territory.<ref>Mills, p. 96</ref> Harrison suggested that Jennings further expanded his political base by stumping among the disaffected French residents of the territory.<ref>Mills, p. 107</ref> Jennings's defeat of Randolph in 1810 repudiated Harrison's pro-slavery policies. Following his triumph in the election, Jennings's and his anti-slavery allies were successful in enacting a legislative agenda that limited the territorial governor's authority and repealed an 1805 act regarding indentured service.<ref name = w31/><ref name=c25051>Cayton, p. 250–51</ref>

In his first full term in Congress, Jennings stepped up his attacks on Harrison, accusing him of using his office for personal gain, of taking part in questionable land speculation deals, and needlessly raising tensions with the Native American tribes on the frontier.<ref>Mills, p. 124–126 and 143</ref> Jennings presented a congressional resolution that intended to reduce Harrison's authority to make political appointments and opposed his policy of purchasing lands from the Indians.<ref>Riker, p. 230–31</ref> When Harrison was up for reappointment as territorial governor in 1810, Jennings sent a scathing letter to President [[James Madison]] that argued against his reappointment. Harrison's allies in Washington argued on his behalf and aided in securing his reappointment.<ref>Mills, p. 120</ref>

After hostilities broke out on the frontier between the Americans and the native tribes, culminating in the [[Battle of Tippecanoe]] in November 1811, Jennings successfully promoted passage of a bill to grant compensation to veterans of the battle and to give pensions for five years to the widows and orphans of those who were killed. Privately, Jennings lamented the battle, while his friends in the territory faulted Harrison for agitating the situation and causing the needless loss of life.<ref>Mills, p. 145–49</ref> As calls for war with [[Great Britain]] increased, Jennings was not among the [[war hawks]], but ultimately accepted the arrival of the [[War of 1812]].<ref name=m15153>Mills, p. 151–53</ref> Early in the war, Harrison was commissioned as a military general and dispatched to defend the frontier and invade [[Canada]], which caused him to resign from his post as territorial governor in 1812.<ref name=m15153/><ref>Cayton, p. 251</ref> Prior to Harrison's resignation, Jennings and his allies moved quickly to take advantage of the situation and initiated efforts to weaken the governor's authority. In 1811 the territorial legislature voted to move the capital away from Vincennes, a pro-Harrison stronghold, and began a shift in political power from the territorial governor to the delegates in the territorial legislature and its elected officials.<ref name=c25051>Cayton, p. 250–51</ref> [[John Gibson (Indiana)|John Gibson]], the elderly, acting governor, whose territorial duties largely dealt with military affairs, did not challenge the territorial legislature. When Harrison's successor, [[Thomas Posey]], was confirmed on March 3, 1813, Jennings's party in the territorial legislature had become entrenched and began to advance their request for statehood.<ref>Dunn, p. 284–85 and 287</ref><ref>Mills, p. 159</ref>

Jennings ran for reelection to Congress in 1811 against another pro-slavery candidate, [[Waller Taylor]]. The campaign was the most divisive in Jennings's career. Taylor derided Jennings as a "pitiful coward" and went so far as to challenge Jennings to a duel, but he refused.<ref name = w32>Woollen, p. 32</ref> Jennings ran on the slavery issue again, fielding his new motto, "No slavery in Indiana". Jennings's supporters tied Taylor, a territorial judge, to the pro-slavery movement.<ref name = w31/> Jennings easily won reelection, thanks to an expanding base of support that included the growing community of [[New Harmony, Indiana|Harmonists]].<ref>Mills, p. 153–54</ref><ref group = n>According to historian Randy Mills, the [[Harmonists]] began to arrive in the territory 1814 and quickly became a political factor in elections because they voted as a block under the direction of their leader, [[George Rapp]]. Jennings made an effort to gain Rapp's political support, especially after Jennings became governor. See Mills, p. 184–85.</ref> Following his reelection, Jennings developed [[jaundice]], an illness often caused by alcoholism, but he recovered.<ref>Mills, p. 15–78</ref> During his third term in Congress, Jennings began advocating that statehood be granted to Indiana, but held off formally introducing legislation until the end of the War of 1812. Jennings ran against Elijah Sparks in his 1814 reelection campaign and easily won.<ref name = w32/><ref>Mills, p. 156</ref>

===Push for statehood===
By 1815 Jennings and the territorial legislature were ready to embark on a course for statehood.<ref>Cayton, p. 252</ref> In December 1815 Jennings's introduced a petition from the territorial legislature to Congress that requested statehood for Indiana.<ref>Mills, p. 164</ref> The 1815 census showed the territory had a population exceeding 63,000, more than the minimum requirement for statehood under the Northwest Ordinance of 1787.<ref name=r232>Riker, p. 232</ref> The House began a debate on the measure and passed the Enabling Act on April 11, 1816. The act granted Indiana the right to form a government and elect delegates to a constitutional convention that would create a state [[constitution of Indiana|constitution]].<ref name=r232/><ref name = w32/><ref name=Mills167>Mills, p. 167</ref> The territorial governor, Thomas Posey, expressed concern that the territory was too under-populated to provide sufficient tax revenue to fund a state government.<ref name=Mills162>Mills, p. 162</ref> In a letter to President Madison, he recommended that the president veto the bill and delay statehood for another three years, which would allow him to finish his term as governor. Madison signed the bill, ignoring Posey's plea.

[[Dennis Pennington]], a leading member of the territorial legislature, was able to secure the election of many anti-slavery delegates to the constitutional convention. Jennings was a delegate from Clark County.<ref name=r232/> At the convention, held in June 1816 in the new territorial capital of [[Corydon, Indiana|Corydon]], Jennings was elected president of the assembly, which permitted him to appoint the convention's committee chairmen.<ref name=w32/><ref>Mills, p. 166</ref> Although the delegates drafted a new constitution for Indiana, the majority of the content was copied from other state constitutions, most notably Ohio and Kentucky.<ref>Cayton, p. 253</ref><ref>Mills, p. 171</ref> A few items were new and unique to Indiana.<ref name=Mills167/> Slavery, which was already prohibited in territorial legislation, was banned in the Indiana constitution; however, contracts for indentured servants, if they were already in existence, were preserved.<ref>Mills, p. 172</ref> The new state government, divided into legislative, executive, and judicial branches, gave the governor limited powers and concentrated authority in the hands of the [[Indiana General Assembly]] and county officials.<ref>Cayton, p. 254</ref><ref name=Mills168>Mills, p. 168</ref> Shortly after the convention, Jennings publicly announced his candidacy for governor.<ref name = w32/><ref>Mills, p. 173</ref>

==Governor==

===Campaign and election===
At the state convention in June 1816 Jennings may have informed some of the delegates that he intended to run for governor and by early July 1816 he had publicly announced his candidacy. Thomas Posey, Indiana's last territorial governor, was Jennings's opponent. Posey announced his own candidacy for governor prior to the convention's adjournment on June 29, 1816. With just five weeks before the August 5 election, there was little active campaigning. Posey, who thought Indiana statehood was premature, was not a popular candidate and suffered from health issues.<ref name=r233>Riker, p. 233</ref><ref name=C67>Carmony, p. 6–7</ref> Jennings won by a large majority, 5,211 votes to 3,934.<ref name = w33>Woollen, p. 33</ref><ref name=m17374>Mills, p. 173–74</ref> Most of Jennings's votes probably came from the eastern portion of the state, where his support was particularly strong, while Posey's probably came from the western portion.<ref name=C67/><ref>Cayton, p 258</ref> Jennings moved to the new state capital at [[Corydon, Indiana|Corydon]], where he served the duration of his term as governor.<ref name=m17374/>

Jennings's salary as governor, which was the highest for an elected official in the state, was $1,000.<ref>Carmony, p. 12</ref> Under the constitution, the governor served a three-year term and was prohibited from serving more that six years in a nine-year period.<ref>Gugin and St. Clair, p. 1</ref><ref group = n>Jennings was one of five Indiana governors under this version of the state constitution who served more than three years. See Gugin and St. Clair, p. 1.</ref> Jennings's agenda called for establishing court proceedings to secure justice, organizing a state-funded educational systems, creating a state banking system, preventing unlawful seizure and enslavement of free blacks, organizing a state library, and planning internal improvements.<ref name=r233/> His efforts had limited success, due, in part, to the state's limited financial resources and Jennings's limited powers as governor.<ref name=g44>Gugin and St. Clair, p. 44</ref>

Jennings strongly condemned slavery in his inauguration speech and as governor, he refined his stance on the institution. On November 7, 1816, Jennings encouraged the state legislature to enact laws to prevent "unlawful attempts to seize and carry into bondage persons of color legally entitled to their freedom" while preventing "those who rightfully owe service to the citizens of any other State or Territory, from seeking, within the limits of this state, a refuge from the possession of their lawful owners."<ref name = w33/> In 1817 Jennings acknowledged a moderation of his earlier position regarding fugitive slaves by claiming it was needed to "preserve harmony" among the states.<ref>Woollen, p. 34</ref> Jennings agreed to allow citizens "the means of reclaiming any slave escaping to this State that may rightfully belong to them…with as little delay as possible" after citizens of Kentucky had difficulty reclaiming their slaves who had escaped to Indiana.<ref>Woolen, p. 34–35</ref>

===Internal improvements===
In 1818, Jennings began promoting a large-scale plan for internal improvements in the state. Most of the projects were directed toward construction of roads, canals, and other projects to enhance the commercial appeal and economic viability of the state.<ref name = g188189>Goodrich and Tuttle, p. 188–89</ref> During Jennings's second term the state government continued to support public improvements, with new road construction and expanded settlement into central Indiana. After Indianapolis became the site for the state's permanent capital in 1821 and new settlers arrived in the area, the Indiana General Assembly appropriated $100,000 for new road construction and improvements to some of the more important routes, but it was considerably short of the amount needed.<ref name=g45>Gugin and St. Clair, p. 45</ref><ref>Carmony, p. 41</ref><ref group = n>The state granted the largest improvement project, the [[Indiana Canal Company]], first chartered in 1805, more than $1.5 million over several years to complete a canal on the Ohio River. The project was completed, after several delays, in 1831. See Dunn, p. 382–85</ref>

The state experienced budget shortages because of low tax revenues, which forced Jennings to pursue other means of financing the projects. The main sources of funds came from issuing government bonds to the state bank and sales of public lands. The state's spending and borrowing led to short-term budget problems, but despite early setbacks (poor access to capital eventually halted improvement programs and caused the [[Indiana Canal Company]] to fold because of lack of funds), the infrastructure improvements initiated by Jennings attracted new settlers to the state. By 1810 the Indiana Territory's population within the boundaries of the new state was 24, 520.<ref name=c185>Cayton, p. 185</ref> In the decades following his governorship, Indiana's population grew from sixty-five thousand in 1816 to 147,178 in 1820 and surpassed one million by 1850.<ref name = g188189/><ref name=c185/>

In his first inaugural speech in August 1816, Jennings called attention to the need for an educational plan.<ref>Carmony, p. 8</ref> In his 1817 annual message to the state legislature, he encouraged the establishment of a free, state-funded education system, as called for in the state constitution, but few of the state's citizens were willing to impose taxes to fund public schools.<ref>Mills, p. 197</ref> The state legislature believed priority should be given to creating government infrastructure. Lack of public funds postponed creation of a state library system until Governor James B. Ray's administration in 1826.<ref name=g44/>

From the beginning the state's banking institutions were closely tied to the state government's fiscal affairs, made even more challenging due to the state's "extremely limited economic and population base", the economic depression of the late teens and early twenties, a lack of experience in banking on the part of state politicians and citizens, and other factors.<ref name=C17>Carmony, p. 17</ref> "Indiana banking rested on shaky foundation even in the prosperous years preceding the Panic of 1819."<ref name=C17/> To remedy the problem, Jennings signed legislation in 1817 to create the First State Bank of Indiana by converting the Bank of Vincennes, established under a territorial charter in 1814, into the new bank's main headquarters and established three new branches at Corydon, [[Brookville, Indiana|Brookville]], and [[Vevay, Indiana|Vevay]].<ref>Gugin and St. Clair, p. 44–45</ref> The First State Bank soon became a depository of federal funds and was involved in land speculation. The Farmers and Mechanics Bank of [[Madison, Indiana|Madison]], established in 1814, chose to remain separate from the state bank under a territorial charter that was valid until 1835.<ref name=C1920>Carmony, p. 19–20</ref>

When state expenditures exceeded its revenues, Jennings preferred to secure the state's debts with bank loans to cover the shortfall rather than issuing treasury notes. Although taxes were levied and the state borrowed from the First State Bank of Indiana, the state's fiscal status remained bleak, worsened by the economic depression of 1819.<ref>Carmony, p. 13</ref> Around 1820 federal deposits at the First State Bank were suspended and the bank's notes were no longer accepted for purchases from federal land offices.<ref name=C1920/> Numerous reports of corruption at the Bank of Vincennes and the collapse of land values, brought on by the [[panic of 1819]], put the bank in further financial distress. By 1821 the bank was insolvent. In June 1822 the Knox County circuit court declared the First State Bank had forfeited its charter. In November 1823 the Indiana Supreme Court upheld the termination of the bank's charter and concluded that the First State Bank had "embezzled" $250,000 of federal deposits, issued more paper than it could redeem, had debt exceeding the limited allowed under its charter, established more branches than its capital and [[coins|specie]] could support, paid shareholders large dividends, and took steps to dissolve without paying debts owed.<ref>Carmony, p. 24</ref> For several years after the First State Bank's failure, Indiana citizens depended on the Bank of the United States, with a branch in Louisville, and the Farmers and Mechanics Bank of Madison for financial services.<ref name=g45/> Farmers and Mechanics Banks fared better than the First State Bank of Indiana, but its charter expired on January 1, 1835, and its paper passed at depreciated rates for several years.<ref>Carmony, p. 25</ref> Jennings was criticized for not monitoring the state's banks more carefully and investigating bank officials for potential wrongdoing.<ref name=g45/>

Most of Jennings second term was spent grappling with the state's continuing financial difficulties. When tax revenues and land sales remained low, the state's revenue was not sufficient to repay the bonds it used to finance internal improvements. The Indiana General Assembly was forced to significantly depreciate the value of its bonds, harming the state's credit and making it difficult to secure new loans.<ref name = g40/>

During his tenure as governor Jennings nominated three candidates to the [[Indiana Supreme Court]]: John Johnson, James Scott, and [[Jesse Lynch Holman]]. All three were quickly confirmed by the state legislature.<ref name=g44/><ref>Carmony, p. 9</ref>

===Treaty of St. Mary's===
{{See also|Treaty of St. Mary's}}

[[Image:Indiana Indian treaties.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Map showing treaties negotiated by Jennings.]]

In late 1818, Jennings was appointed as a federal commissioner, along with [[Lewis Cass]] and [[Benjamin Parke]], to negotiate a treaty with the [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] (Potawatomi, Wea, Miami, and Delaware), who lived in the northern and central parts of Indiana.<ref name=r234>Riker, p. 234</ref> The [[Treaty of St. Mary's]] allowed the State of Indiana to purchase millions of acres of land north of an 1809 treaty line and extending west to the Wabash River and two more parcels of land, which opened most of central Indiana to American settlement.<ref name=c263>Cayton, p. 263</ref> The appointment created a crisis in Jennings's political career.<ref>Mills, p. 189</ref> Because the state constitution prohibited a person from holding a federal government position while exercising duties as the state's governor, Jennings's political enemies seized the opportunity to force him from office by arguing that he had vacated the governor's office when he accepted the federal appointment.<ref name=r234/><ref name = w37>Woollen, p. 37</ref>

[[Lieutenant Governor of Indiana|Lieutenant Governor]] [[Christopher Harrison]] claimed that Jennings had "abandoned" his elected office and took over as the state's acting governor in Jennings's absence.<ref>Mills, p. 91</ref> In the meantime the [[Indiana House of Representatives]] launched an investigation. When Jennings learned of the situation, he was "mortified" that his actions were being questioned and burned the documents he received from the federal government that related to his assignment.<ref name = d377>Dunn, p. 377</ref><ref name=m19192>Mills, p. 191–92</ref> The legislature called Jennings and Harrison to appear for questioning; however, Jennings declined, stating the assembly did not have the authority to interrogate him, and Harrison refused to appear unless the assembly recognized him as the acting governor.<ref name = m19394>Mills, p. 193–94</ref> Because neither of the two men would meet with the legislature, the assembly demanded copies of the documents that Jennings received from the federal government to prove he was not acting as its agent. Jennings responded:
<blockquote>If I were in possession of any public documents calculated to advance the public interest, it would give me pleasure to furnish them, and I shall at all times be prepared to afford you any information which the constitution or laws of the State may require.... If the difficulty, real or supposed, has grown out of the circumstances of my having been connected with the negotiation at St Mary's, I feel it my duty to state to the committee that I acted from an entire conviction of its propriety and an anxious desire, on my part, to promote the welfare and accomplish the wishes of the whole people of the State in assisting to add a large and fertile tract of country to that which we already possess.<ref name = d377/></blockquote>

The legislature summoned everyone in the surrounding area who had any knowledge of the events at Saint Mary's, but found that no one was certain of Jennings's role in the commission. After a short debate, the House passed a resolution, voting 15 to 13, to recognize Jennings as governor and dropped it proceedings against him.<ref name = m19394/><ref>Woollen, p. 38</ref><ref group = n>The House committee investigation concluded Jennings had accepted a federal commission, but "was not prepared to say what its effect might be." See Carmony, p. 27.</ref> The House votes opposing Jennings came largely from the state's western counties.<ref>Carmony, p. 27</ref> Harrison was outraged by the decision and resigned as lieutenant governor.<ref>Mills, p. 194</ref>

In 1820 Harrison ran against Jennings in his reelection bid. Jennings won the election by a large majority, 11,256 votes to Harrison's 2,008.<ref name = w39>Woollen, p. 39</ref><ref>Mills, p. 196</ref> Jennings's win by a three-to-one margin suggests he remained a popular politician and the state's voters were not overly concerned by attacks on the governor's character.<ref>Carmony, p. 29</ref>

===Personal financial problems===
[[Image:Jennings mansion.jpg|right|thumb|Drawing of the home of Jonathan Jennings while he lived in Corydon, the first official governor's residence.]]

Jennings's personal finances suffered from the panic of 1819, while the Indiana governorship continued to increase his financial burden. Jennings was never able to recover from his debts.<ref name=r235>Riker, p. 235</ref> One historian suggests that Jennings's financial situation may arisen from the expenses incurred during his political campaigns, his long-time service in state government, and being too busy to adequately manage his farm.<ref name=m18788>Mills, p. 187–88</ref> Jennings and his wife frequently entertained visitors, legislators, and other dignitaries at their Corydon home. At a high-profile dinner in 1819, he hosted President [[James Monroe]] and General [[Andrew Jackson]] at a dinner held in their honor in Jeffersonville, when the two leaders were making a tour of the frontier states.<ref>Mills, p. 177</ref><ref>Carmony, p. 453</ref> In 1822 Jennings solicited a $1,000 personal loan from the [[Harmonists]] in a letter to his political ally, [[George Rapp]], but his request was denied. Jennings was able to secure personal loans from friends by granting mortgages on his land.<ref name=m18788/> Earlier in his career as a land speculator at Vincennes, when land prices decreased significantly, he was forced to sell several tracts of land at a loss.<ref name=r22526/><ref>Cayton, p. 245</ref>

By the late 1820s Jennings was critically short of cash.<ref>Mills, p. 218</ref> He depended on income from political office to pay his expenses. His farm was not likely to provide sufficient financial support. Because the thirty-eight-year-old Jennings was prohibited by law from running for reelection to a third term as Indiana governor in 1823, he was forced to consider other political options.<ref name=m198200>Mills, p. 198–200</ref><ref group = n>At that time Jennings was ineligible for re-election because the state constitution restricted the governor's term of service to a maximum of six years in a period of nine and Jennings had already served two three-year terms as governor. See Carmony, p. 80–81.</ref> Jennings decided to return to Congress.

===Return to Congress===
[[Image:Jonathan Jennings gravestone 002.JPG|thumb|Burial site of Jennings in the [[Charlestown, Indiana|Charlestown]] Cemetery.]]

In September 1822, shortly before his second term as governor expired, Jennings became a candidate for Congress after [[William Hendricks]] resigned his seat to run for Indiana governor.<ref name=r235/><ref>Gugin and St. Clair, p. 46</ref><ref name=C45658>Carmony, p. 456–58</ref><ref group = n>Historians have debated the idea that Jennings made an arrangement with Hendricks. In exchange for Jennings's support of Hendricks for the governorship, Hendricks would resign from Congress and support Jennings in the special election for the vacant congressional seat. See Mills, p. 199–200</ref> A special election was held on August 5, 1822, to fill Hendricks's vacant seat in Congress. At the same time, the state's increased population gave Indiana three congressional seats. A regular congressional election was held on the same day to elect three Indiana congressmen. Jennings and Davis Floyd were the principal candidates in the special election, which Jennings won.<ref name=C45658/> In the regular election to fill the seat for Indiana's Second Congressional District, Jennings easily won, defeating James Scott by a wide margin.<ref name=C45658/><ref>Mills, p. 204</ref> Jennings became a [[Democratic-Republican]] to the [[17th Congress]] and [[Lieutenant Governor of Indiana|Lieutenant Governor]] [[Ratliff Boon]] succeeded him as governor. Hendricks ran unopposed and was subsequently elected as governor to succeed Boon.<ref name = g40/><ref>Carmony, p. 80–81</ref> Jennings won reelection to Congress and represented Indiana's Second District until in 1830.<ref name=r235>Riker, p. 235</ref> He became a [[Jacksonian Republican]] in the [[18th United States Congress|18th Congress]], but switched his allegiance, becoming an Adams Republican in the [[19th Congress|19th]] and [[20th United States Congress|20th]] Congresses, and then aligned with the [[Anti-Jacksonian]]s in the [[21st Congress]].

Jennings continued to promote internal infrastructure improvements throughout his term in Congress.<ref name=m216>Mills, p. 216</ref> He introduced legislation to build more forts in the northwest, to grant federal funding for improvement projects in Indiana and Ohio, and led the debate in support of using federal funds to build the nations longest canal, [[Wabash and Erie Canal]], through Indiana. He introduced a legislative amendment that made a provision to locate and survey the [[National Road]] to the west, toward the [[Mississippi River]], so the people living in Indiana and Illinois would have some assurance that the road's large federal appropriation would benefit them directly.<ref>Riker, p. 234–35</ref> Jennings helped secure appropriation of funds to survey the Wabash River and make it more accessible to year-round steamboat travel.<ref name=r236>Riker, p. 236</ref>

In his reelection as the Second District congressman, Jennings supported tariff protection and internal improvements and vowed to support the presidential candidate that his constituents preferred if the election went to the House to decide the winner. Jennings won reelection to Congress in a close race, beating Jeremiah Sullivan of Madison.<ref>Carmony, p. 484–85</ref> In the presidential election of 1824 American political parties organized around three candidates: [[Andrew Jackson]] running against [[John Quincy Adams]] and [[Henry Clay]]. Jennings favored Adams, and later, Clay; however, when the contested presidential election passed to the House in 1825, Jennings voted with the majority and gave his political support to Jackson, but he was defeated in the House and Adams became president.<ref name=r236/><ref>Mills, p. 212</ref><ref group = n>Indiana's popular and electoral votes supported Jackson. Jennings may have used this information to decide his vote in Congress. See Riker, p. 236.</ref> Indiana voters who supported Jackson hoped for a victory in the next election.<ref group = n>In 1826, when William Henry Harrison returned to Indiana to stump for Adams, Jennings and Harrison found themselves on the same side. The two men toured the state together, endorsing [[John Quincy Adams|Adams]], and gave speeches that suggested they had reconciled their political differences and ended their feud. See Mills, p. 213</ref>

Jennings, seeking to advance his political career, ran for the [[United States Senate|Senate]] twice, but was defeated in both attempts.<ref name=r235/> In 1825 he was a senate candidate at a time when the Indiana General Assembly elected the state's senators to Congress. On the first ballot [[Isaac Blackford]] came in first, the incumbent governor, William Hendricks, came in second, and Jennings was third. On the fourth ballot Hendricks won the senate seat.<ref>Mills, p. 207–8</ref> In his second attempt Jennings lost to [[James Noble (senator)|James Noble]].<ref name=m216/>

Jennings's wife died in 1826 after a protected illness; the couple had no children. Jennings was deeply saddened by her loss and began to drink liquor more heavily.<ref>Mills, p. 210</ref> Later that year he married Clarissa Barbee, but his drinking condition only worsened and he was frequently inebriated.

While serving in Congress, Jennings's health continued to decline as he struggled with alcohol addiction and suffered from severe [[rheumatism]].<ref>Mills, p. 209</ref> In 1827 ceiling plaster from Jennings's Washington D.C. boarding room fell on his head, severely injuring him, and ill health limited his ability to visit his constituents,<ref name="Mills, p. 219"/> but he continued to remain a popular politician in Indiana. In the congressional election of 1826, Jennings ran unopposed.<ref>Carmony, p. 487</ref> He won reelection in 1828, soundly defeating his opponent, Indiana's lieutenant governor, John H. Thompson. Jennings did not publicly favor a presidential candidate and won the Second District seat with support from voters who favored Jackson and Adams.<ref>Carmony, p. 511–13</ref> During Jennings's final term in office House journals show that he introduced no legislation, was frequently not present to vote on matters, and only once delivered a speech. Jennings's friends, led by [[United States Senator|Senator]] [[John Tipton]], took note of his situation and took action to block Jennings's reelection bid when his drinking became a political liability.<ref name = w39/><ref name=m22223>Mills, p. 222–23</ref> [[John Carr (Indiana)|John Carr]], anti-Jackson man, opposed Jennings in a six-way race for the congressional seat and won the election.<ref name=m22223/> Tipton had arranged for others to enter the race and divide Jennings's supporters. Jennings left office on March 3, 1831.

==Later years==
Jennings was twice-elected Grand Master of the Indiana Grand Lodge of Freemasons, serving in 1824 and 1825. He declined reelection in 1825.<ref name = r237>Riker, p. 237</ref>

===Retirement===
Jennings retired with his wife, Clarissa, to his home in Charlestown.<ref name=w39/> Tipton may have felt it had been mistake to force Jennings out of public service and hoped that work would force him to give up alcohol. In 1831 Tipton secured Jennings an appointment to negotiate a treaty with native tribes in northern Indiana.<ref name=m224>Mills, p. 224</ref> Jennings attended the negotiations of the [[Treaty of Tippecanoe]], but the delegation failed in their attempt.<ref name=m22526>Mills, p. 225–26</ref> Afterwards, Jennings returned to his farm, where his health steadily declined. He continued drinking alcohol, spending considerable time a local tavern, and was frequently discovered sleeping in streets or in roadside ditches.<ref name=m224/><ref group = n>In the early 1830s Jennings made a pledge to stop drinking, but was he was unable to remain sober for long. See Mills, p. 222.</ref> Jenning's alcoholism worsened to the point where he was no longer able to tend his farm. Without a steady income Jennings's creditors began moving to seize his estate. In 1832 Tipton acquired the mortgage on Jennings's farm and enlisted the help of a local financier, [[James Lanier]], to acquire the debts on Jennings's other holdings.<ref name=m22526/><ref group = n>Jennings owed more than a thousand dollars on his mortgaged farm. See Mills, p. 226–27</ref> Tipton allowed Jennings to remain on his mortgaged farm for the remainder of Jennings's life and encouraged Lanier to grant the same permission.<ref>Mills, p. 228</ref>

Jennings died of a heart attack, most likely brought on by another bout with jaundice, on July 26, 1834, at his farm near Charlestown. He was fifty years old.<ref>Mills, p. xxvi and 228</ref> Jennings was buried after a brief ceremony in an unmarked grave. His estate lacked the funds to purchase a headstone.<ref>Owen, p. 248</ref> Jennings's creditors, many of whom were his neighbors, were left unpaid and disgruntled. Following Jennings's death, Tipton sold the Jennings farm to Joseph Carr and gave Jennings's widow a $100 gift from the proceeds.<ref name = m22930/>

==Legacy==

===Memorials===
In the late nineteenth century several attempts were made to erect a monument honoring Jennings's public service. On three separate occasions, in 1861, 1869 and 1889, petitions were brought before the Indiana General Assembly to erect a marker for Jennings's grave, but each attempt failed. In 1892 the state legislature finally granted the petition to erect a monument in his honor. Around the same time, after Jennings's unmarked gravesite was independently verified by three witnesses to his burial, his body was exhumed and reinterred at a new site at the Charlestown cemetery.<ref name=m22930/><ref group = n>Jennings's original burial site would have been forgotten if a group of school children who attended his funeral and were the only witnesses who were still living had not been able to identify its location. See Mills, p. 229.</ref>

Jonathan Jennings Elementary School in [[Charlestown, Indiana|Charlestown]] and [[Jennings County, Indiana|Jennings County]] are both named in his honor.<ref>Goodrich and Tuttle, p. 563</ref>

===Political impact===
Historians have offered varied interpretations of Jennings's life and his impact on the development of Indiana.<ref name=m22930>Mills, p. 229–30</ref> The state's early historians, William Wesley Woollen and [[Jacob Piatt Dunn]] Jr., wrote of Jennings in an almost mythical manner, focusing on the strong positive leadership he provided Indiana in its formative years. Dunn referred to Jennings as the "young Hercules", praising his crusade against Harrison and slavery.<ref>Mills, p. xiii</ref> Woolen's assessment was also positive: "Indiana owes him a debt more than she can compute."<ref name=w41/><ref name=m232>Mills, p. 232</ref> During the [[prohibition era]] in the early twentieth century, historians Logan Esarey and Arthur Blythe were more critical of Jennings.<ref name=mxv>Mills, p. xv</ref> Esarey, who wrote about Jennings during the height of Prohibition, when attitudes towards alcohol consumption was particularly harsh, was highly critical of Jennings's alcoholism and destitution.<ref name=mxvii>Mills, p. xvi and xvii</ref> Blythe described Jennings's abilities as "mediocre."<ref name=mxv/> Esarey argued that Jennings "took no decisive stand" on the important issues<ref>Esarey, p. 28</ref> and dismissed his importance and impact on Indiana, saying the legislature and its leading men set the tone of the era. In 1954 John Barnhart and Donald Carmony described Jennings as a "shrewd politician rather than a statesman", whose leadership was "not evident" at the 1816 convention.<ref name=mxvii/> Carmony argued that Jennings's "intemperance and poverty, should not obscure his significant contributions as territorial delegate to Congress, president of the Corydon Constitutional Convention, first state governor, and congressman."<ref>Carmony, p. 532–33</ref>

Modern historians, Howard Peckham, Randy Mills, Andrew R. L. Cayton, and Dorothy Riker, argue that Jennings's legacy may lie "somewhere between the two extremes" of Dunn's and Esarey's assessments.<ref>Riker, p. 239</ref> Mills agrees with Woollen that Indiana owes Jennings a debt of gratitude. Although Jennings's accomplishments were not extensive, he did a "commendable" job for his stewardship of a state in "transition to a more democratic form of government".<ref name=w41/><ref name=m232/> Cayton describes Jennings as "ambitious", "passionate", "hot-tempered", and "moody". He argues that Jennings was a successful campaigner, but an "indifferent" statesman and governor who was "not very good at laying out an agenda and achieving its implementation".<ref>Cayton, p. 227, 249–50</ref>

Jennings believed in popular democracy, opposed slavery, and despised aristocrats, especially William Henry Harrison, for "trampling on the rights of his fellow Americans."<ref>Cayton, p. 226–27</ref> His service as Indiana's governor and representative to Congress came at the end of one political era and the beginning of another, when governmental power and authority shifted from the governor and his patronage appointments to the state legislature and elected officials.<ref>Mills, p. 230–31</ref>

==Electoral history==

===Territorial delegate===
{{See also|Indiana Territory's At-large congressional district}}

{{Election box begin no change |title=Indiana Territory delegate to Congress, at-large, special election, 1809}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Independent (politics)
|candidate = Jonathan Jennings
|votes =429
|percentage = 46.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Independent (politics)
|candidate = Thomas Randolph
|votes = 405
|percentage =44.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Independent (politics)
|candidate = [[General Washington Johnston]]
|votes = 81
|percentage =8.7
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin no change |title=Indiana Territory delegate to Congress, at-large, 1810}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Independent (politics)
|candidate = Jonathan Jennings (incumbent)
|votes =523
|percentage = 52.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Independent (politics)
|candidate = Thomas Randolph
|votes = 476
|percentage =47.6
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin no change |title=Indiana Territory delegate to Congress, at-large, 1812}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Independent (politics)
|candidate = Jonathan Jennings (incumbent)
|votes =922
|percentage = 70.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Independent (politics)
|candidate = [[Waller Taylor]]
|votes = 548
|percentage =29.7
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin no change |title=Indiana Territory delegate to Congress, at-large, 1814}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Independent (politics)
|candidate = Jonathan Jennings (incumbent)
|votes =1802
|percentage = 69.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Independent (politics)
|candidate = Elijah Sparks
|votes = 848
|percentage =33.8
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Gubernatorial elections===
{{Election box begin no change |title=Indiana gubernatorial election, 1816<ref name="w33"/><ref name = cq1119>Congressional Quarterly, p. 1119</ref>}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Democratic-Republican
|candidate = Jonathan Jennings
|votes = 5,211
|percentage = 57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Democratic-Republican
|candidate = [[Thomas Posey]]
|votes = 3,934
|percentage = 43
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin no change |title=Indiana gubernatorial election, 1819<ref name = cq1119/><ref>Gugin and St. Clair, p. 51</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Democratic-Republican
|candidate = Jonathan Jennings (incumbent)
|votes = 11,256
|percentage = 84.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Christopher Harrison]]
|votes = 2,008
|percentage = 15.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Samuel Carr
|votes = 80
|percentage = —
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Indiana's 2nd Congressional district===
{{See also|Indiana's 2nd Congressional district}}

{{Election box begin no change |title=Indiana's 2nd Congressional district, 1822<ref>Congressional Quarterly, p. 541</ref>}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Jacksonian Republican
|candidate = Jonathan Jennings
|votes =15,129
|percentage = 100
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin no change |title=Indiana's 2nd Congressional district, 1824<ref>Congressional Quarterly, p. 545</ref>}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = National Republican Party
|candidate = Jonathan Jennings (incumbent)
|votes =4,680
|percentage = 53.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = National Republican Party
|candidate = [[Jeremiah Sullivan]]
|votes =4,119
|percentage = 46.8
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin no change |title=Indiana's 2nd Congressional district, 1826<ref>Congressional Quarterly, p. 548</ref>}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = National Republican Party
|candidate = Jonathan Jennings (incumbent)
|votes =7913
|percentage = 99.5
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin no change |title=Indiana's 2nd Congressional district, 1828<ref>Congressional Quarterly, p. 551</ref>}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Anti-Jacksonian
|candidate = Jonathan Jennings (incumbent)
|votes =7,659
|percentage = 73.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Independent (politics)
|candidate = John H. Thompson
|votes =2,785
|percentage = 26.7
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin no change |title=Indiana's 2nd Congressional district, 1830<ref>Congressional Quarterly, p. 556</ref>}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Jacksonian Republican
|candidate = [[John Carr (Indiana)|John Carr]]
|votes =4,854
|percentage = 32.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Anti-Jacksonian
|candidate = [[William W. Wick]]
|votes =4,605
|percentage = 31.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Independent (politics)
|candidate = [[James B. Ray]]
|votes =1,732
|percentage = 11.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Anti-Jacksonian
|candidate = Jonathan Jennings (incumbent)
|votes =1,680
|percentage = 11.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Independent (politics)
|candidate = John H. Thompson
|votes =1,486
|percentage = 10.0
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Indiana}}
*[[History of Indiana]]
*[[List of Governors of Indiana]]
{{-}}

==Footnotes==
<references group =n/>

==References==

===Notes===
{{Reflist|colwidth=15em}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book | author =Barnhart, John D., and Donald F. Carmony| title =Indiana: From Frontier to Industrial Commonwealth | publisher =Lewis Historical Publishing Company | series = | volume =1 | edition = | year =1954 | location =New York | pages = | url = | isbn =}}
*{{cite book | last =Carmony | first =Donald F. | coauthors = | title =Indiana, 1816–1850: The Pioneer Era | publisher =Indiana Historical Bureau and the Indiana Historical Society | series =The History of Indiana | volume =2 | edition = | year =1998 | location =Indianapolis | pages = | url = | isbn =0-87195-124-X}}
*{{cite book | last =Cayton | first =Andrew R. L. | coauthors = | title =Frontier Indiana | publisher =Indiana University Press | series = | volume = | edition = | year =1996 | location =Bloomington | pages = | url = | isbn =}}
*{{cite book|title=Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections|isbn=1-56802-602-1|publisher=CQ Press|location=Washington, D.C.}}
*{{cite book|author=[[Jacob Piatt Dunn|Dunn, Jacob Piatt]]|title=Indiana and Indianans: A History of Aboriginal and Territorial Indiana and the Century of Statehood|location=New York and Chicago|publisher=[[American Historical Society]]|year=1919}}
*{{cite book|author=Esarey, Logan |title=Messages and Papers of Jonathan Jennings, Ratliff Boone, William Hendricks, 1816-1825 | location =Indianapolis | publisher = Indiana Historical Commission | year=1924}}
*{{cite book|author=Goodrich, De Witt C., and Charles Richard Tuttle |title=An Illustrated History of the State of Indiana|year=1875|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-1ntxcb7KJYC}}
*{{cite book|editor=Gugin, Linda C., and James E. St. Clair |title=The Governors of Indiana|publisher=Indiana Historical Society Press|location=Indianapolis|year=2006|isbn=0-87195-196-7}}
*{{cite book|title=Jonathan Jennings: Indiana's First Governor|author=Mills, Randy Keith|publisher=[[Indiana Historical Society]] Press|location=Indianapolis|year= 2005|isbn=978-0-87195-182-3}}
*{{cite book|title=Mr. Jefferson's Hammer|pages=248|author=Owen, Robert|year=2007|isbn=0-8061-3842-4|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|location=Norman}}
*{{cite journal | last =Riker | first =Dorothy L. | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =Jonathan Jennings | journal =Indiana Magazine of History | volume =28 | issue =4 | pages =223–39 | publisher =Indiana University | location =Bloomington | date =December 1932 | url = http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/imh/view.do?docId=VAA4025-028-4-a01 | accessdate =2013-05-29}}
*{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=PCbZ8rS-84gC|title=Biographical and Historical Sketches of Early Indiana|author=Woollen, William Wesley|publisher=Ayer Publishing|year=1975|isbn=0-405-06896-4}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
*[http://www.in.gov/history/2461.htm Biography of Jonathan Jennings], [[Indiana Historical Bureau]]
*{{CongBio|J000097}}
*[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=5796 Jonathan Jennings] on Find-A-Grave

{{wikipedia

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jennings, Jonathan}}
[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Indiana history]]

Jonathan Jennings

2016-03-30T05:05:07Z

Jlharl:

Note: This was imported to provide more examples of pages without my having to do extensive editing directly to them, but I failed to realize this particular page was filled with templates and links that have no chance of creation. This note is simply here to tell you that this is not what an actual article might look like as created and edited by fourth graders but is here to provide an example of a topic fourth graders might create an article about.

{{About|the politician|the gridiron football player|Jonathon Jennings}}
{{Infobox Politician
|name =Jonathan Jennings
|image =JonathanJennings.jpg
|caption =Official portrait of Jonathan Jennings by James Forbes, based on a small portrait of Jennings painted in 1809.
|width = 240px
|order =1st
|office =Governor of Indiana
|term_start =December 12, 1816
|term_end =September 12, 1822
|lieutenant =[[Christopher Harrison]] [[Ratliff Boon]]
|predecessor =[[Thomas Posey]] as Territorial Governor
|successor =[[Ratliff Boon]]
|order1 =Member of the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] from [[Indiana's 1st congressional district|Indiana's 1st district]]
|term_start1 =December 2, 1822
|term_end1 =March 3, 1831
|predecessor1 =[[William Hendricks]]
|successor1 =[[John Carr (Indiana)|John Carr]]
|order2 =Delegate to the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] from [[Indiana Territory's At-large congressional district|Indiana Territory]]
|term_start2 =November 27, 1809
|term_end2 =December 11, 1816
|predecessor2 =[[Jesse B. Thomas]]
|successor2 =[[William Hendricks]]<ref group = n>Hendricks was the first representative of the State of Indiana.</ref>
|birth_date= March 27, 1784
|birth_place= [[Readington, New Jersey]]
|death_date= {{BirthDeathAge| |1784|03|27 |1834|07|26}}
|death_place= [[Charlestown, Indiana]]
|spouse = Ann Gilmore Hay
|party = [[Democratic-Republican]]
|religion= [[Presbyterian]]<ref name = w29>Woollen, p. 29</ref>
|profession = [[lawyer]] [[farmer]] [[politician]]
|children = none
|signature=Jonathan Jennings Signature.svg
}}

'''Jonathan Jennings''' (March 27, 1784 – July 26, 1834) was the [[List of Governors of Indiana|first]] [[governor of Indiana]] and a nine-term congressman from [[Indiana]]. Born in either [[Hunterdon County, New Jersey]], or [[Rockbridge County, Virginia]], he studied law before immigrating to the [[Indiana Territory]] in 1806. Jennings initially intended to practice law, but took jobs as an assistant at the federal land office at [[Vincennes, Indiana|Vincennes]] and assistant to the clerk of the territorial legislature to support himself, and pursued interests in land speculation and politics. Jennings became involved in a dispute with the territorial governor, [[William Henry Harrison]], that soon led him to enter politics and set the tone for his early political career. In 1808 Jennings moved to the eastern part of the Indiana Territory and settled near [[Charlestown, Indiana|Charlestown]], in [[Clark County, Indiana|Clark County]]. He was elected as the [[Indiana Territory]]'s delegate to the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]] by dividing the pro-Harrison supporters and running as an anti-Harrison candidate. By 1812 he was the leader of the anti-slavery and pro-statehood faction of the territorial government. Jennings and his political allies took control of the territorial assembly and dominated governmental affairs after the resignation of Governor Harrison in 1812. As a congressional delegate Jennings aided passage of the Enabling Act in 1816, which authorized the organization of Indiana's state government and state constitution. He was elected president of the [[Constitution of Indiana|Indiana constitutional convention]], held in Corydon in June 1816, where he helped draft the state's first constitution. Jennings supported the effort to ban slavery in the state and favored a strong legislative branch of government.

In August 1816 Jennings was elected to serve as the first [[governor of Indiana]] at age 32, and re-elected for an additional term. He pressed for the construction of roads and schools, and negotiated the [[Treaty of St. Mary's]] to open up central Indiana to American settlement. His opponents attacked his participation in the treaty negotiations as unconstitutional and brought impeachment proceedings against him, a measure that was narrowly defeated by a vote of 15 to 13 after a month-long investigation and the resignation of the lieutenant governor. During his second term and following the [[panic of 1819]], Jennings encountered financial problems, a situation exacerbated by his inability to keep up with his business interests and run the state government simultaneously. Ineligible for another term as Indiana governor under the state constitution, Jennings looked for other means of financial support. Shortly before completion of his second term as governor in 1822, Jennings was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, before retiring from public service in 1831. In Congress Jennings promoted federal spending on [[internal improvements]].

Jennings had been a heavy drinker of alcohol for much of his life. His addiction worsened after the death of his first wife, Ann, and his development of [[rheumatism]]. Jennings's alcoholism led to defeat in his reelection campaign in 1830. In retirement his condition worsened and he was unable to work his farm. When his finances collapsed, his creditors sought to take his land holdings and [[Charlestown, Indiana|Charlestown]] farm. To protect his friend, [[United States Senator|U.S. Senator]] [[John Tipton]] purchased Jennings's farm and permitted him to continue living there. After Jennings's death, his estate was sold, but it left no funds to purchase a headstone for his grave, which remained unmarked for fifty-seven years.

Historians have offered varied interpretations of Jennings's life and impact on the development of Indiana. Early state historians, [[Jacob Piatt Dunn]] Jr. and William Wesley Woollen, gave Jennings high praise and credited him with the defeat of the pro-slavery forces in Indiana and with laying the foundation of the state. More critical historians during the [[prohibition era]], such as Logan Eseray, described Jennings as a crafty and self-promoting politician and focused on his alcoholism. Among the modern historians, Randy Mills places Jennings's importance between the two extremes, but agreed with Woolen's assessment that the state "owes him more than she can compute."

==Early life==

===Family background===
Jonathan Jennings, the son of Jacob and Mary Kennedy Jennings, was born in either [[Readington, New Jersey|Readington Township]], [[Hunterdon County, New Jersey]], or [[Rockbridge County, Virginia]], on March 27, 1784.<ref>Cayton, p. 277</ref><ref name=m8>Mills, p. 8</ref> He was the sixth of the Jennings's eight children.<ref name=r223>Riker, p. 223</ref><ref name=g40>Gugan and St. Clair, p. 40</ref> His father was a doctor, [[Presbyterian]] missionary, and an ordained [[preacher|minister]] in the Dutch Reformed Church.<ref name=r223/><ref>Mills, p. 7–8</ref> His mother, who was well educated and practiced medicine, was the daughter of Samuel Kennedy, a [[Presbyterian]] minister at [[Basking Ridge, New Jersey]].<ref name=r223/> Mary, who may have had a medical degree, assisted her husband in his practice.<ref>Mills, p. 2</ref> Around 1790 Jennings's father moved the family to Dunlap Creek in [[Fayette County, Pennsylvania]], where Jennings remained until his adulthood. After his mother's death in 1792, Jennings was raised by his older sister, Sarah, and his brother, Ebenezer.<ref>Mills, p. 4</ref> Jennings was particularly close to Ebenezer and his younger sister, Ann, and her husband, David G. Mitchell, who was a physician.<ref>Riker, p. 223–24</ref><ref>Mills, p. 5</ref> Jennings was schooled at home, then attended the nearby [[grammar school]] in [[Canonsburg, Pennsylvania]], where he received a basic education. Two of his classmates, [[William Hendricks]] and [[William W. Wick]], would later become his political allies.<ref name = w29/><ref name=m8/> Jennings studied law in Washington, Pennsylvania.<ref name=g41>Gugin and St. Clair, p. 41</ref> By 1806 Jennings had left Pennsylvania and moved to [[Steubenville, Ohio]], where his brother, Obadiah, had a law office.<ref name=r225>Riker, p. 225</ref> Jennings helped Obadiah in cases before the [[Ohio Supreme Court]].<ref>Mills, p. 12</ref>

In 1806 Jennings headed west to [[Jeffersonville, Indiana|Jeffersonville]] in the [[Indiana Territory]], but stayed only briefly.<ref name=g41/> He moved to [[Vincennes, Indiana|Vincennes]], the capital of the Indiana Territory, in early 1807 to open his own law practice and was admitted to the bar in April.<ref name=g41/><ref name=r225/><ref>Mills, p. 76</ref> Jennings had difficulty earning an income as a lawyer, finding there were too few clients in the territory to keep him busy.<ref name = w29/> In July 1807 Nathaniel Ewing, the federal land receiver at Vincennes and a friend from Pennsylvania, invited Jennings to take a job as assistant to John Badollet, the registrar at the federal land office in Vincennes.<ref>Mills, p. 59–60 and 71–72</ref> Along with Badollet, Jennings engaged in land speculation. He obtained significant land holdings and made substantial profits.<ref>Mills, p. 38 and 76</ref> In 1807 Jennings became an assistant to the clerk of the territorial legislature and continued to speculate on the sale of public lands.<ref name=g41/><ref name=r22526>Riker, p. 225–26</ref>

===Confrontation with Harrison===
In August 1807 Jennings was appointed clerk of the [[Vincennes University]] board of trustees and began to be drawn into ongoing political disputes going on territory. The territorial governor, [[William Henry Harrison]], was a member and president of the board.<ref>Riker, p. 226</ref><ref>Mills, p. xxv and 85</ref><ref group = n>Harrison, who came from a well-connected political family in Virginia, had served as an officer in the [[Northwest Indian War]] and as a territorial delegate to Congress. Harrison later became a U.S. senator, ambassador, and president. See Gugin and St. Clair, p. 18–26</ref> As governor of the Indiana Territory, Harrison wielded considerable influence through his political appointments and veto powers.<ref>Mills, p. 46–47</ref> Jennings received the university appointment after General Washington Johnston resigned as clerk of the board following a dispute over Harrison's proposal to ban the French residents of Vincennes from using the university's commons. The board defeated Harrison's proposal, but Johnston resigned as its clerk and Jennings was selected as his replacement over Henry Hurst, one of Harrison's loyal supporters. Harrison was outraged and promptly resigned from the board, but later reconsidered his decision. In September 1807 Harrison was easily reelected to the board and selected as its president. In the meantime, Johnston wrote a pamphlet describing the board's proceedings, which Jennings certified without the board's knowledge or approval. Jennings further angered Harrison when he attempted to secure a clerkship in the territorial legislature. Jennings's opponent for the clerkship was the anti-slavery candidate [[Davis Floyd]], an enemy of Harrison. After Jennings dropped out of the race, Floyd was selected for the position and became an important political ally to Jennings.<ref name=m8087>Mills, p. 80–87</ref> In April 1808, with Harrison reelected as president of the Vincennes University board, a commission was appointed to investigate Jennings's conduct.<ref name=m87>Mills, p. 87</ref> The committee's inquiry concerned Jennings's certification of Johnston's pamphlet dealing with board proceedings without their knowledge.<ref>Riker, p. 226–27</ref> The incident led to Jennings's resignation in 1808 and created a considerable amount of animosity between the two that prevailed for many years.<ref name=m87/><ref group = n>The incident is significant given that Jennings and Harrison were political opponents later in Jennings's career, but records do not exist that describe their relationship when Jennings lived in Vincennes. The board inquiry appears to be based on Jennings's certification of the pamphlet dealing with board proceedings rather than political opposition. See Riker, p. 227.</ref>

By March 1808, Jennings believed that his future in the Harrison-dominated western part of the territory was bleak. By November he had left Vincennes and moved to [[Jeffersonville, Indiana|Jeffersonville]], in [[Clark County, Indiana|Clark County]], Indiana Territory, before settling in nearby [[Charlestown, Indiana|Charlestown]].<ref>Mills, p. 88</ref> Jennings may have believed his political future would have more success in the eastern part of the territory.<ref>Riker, p. 228</ref><ref>Mills, p. 89</ref> Settlements in the southeast and eastern portion of the territory opposed slavery and Harrison's aristocratic manner, which were similar to Jennings's beliefs, while the western portion of the territory and Vincennes area remained proslavery.<ref name = w30>Woolen, p. 30</ref><ref name=m92>Mills, p. 92</ref><ref group = n>When the Indiana Territory was organized in 1800 the people living in the territory favored slavery; however, after it was divided into the Indiana and Illinois territories in 1809 and the Illinois group was removed, the Indiana Territory's remaining proslavery element became much smaller. See Riker, p. 288–89.</ref> Although petitions to allow slavery were received before the formation of the Indiana Territory, the issue attracted widespread attention in 1807 when Harrison and his supporters in the territorial legislature revived efforts to allow slavery in the territory.<ref name = w30/><ref>Cayton, p. 246</ref><ref group = n>Slavery had long existed in the region. It was practiced by the French in the Illinois Country and the area around Vincennes, the center of the pro-slavery establishment in the territory, and by the American settlers from Virginia and the upland South. Although slavery was prohibited throughout the territory, as outlined in the [[Northwest Ordinance]] of 1787, it was not enforced. William Henry Harrison, a Virginian by birth, owned and traded in slaves while serving as territorial governor, as did others who lived in the Indiana Territory. An indentured servant system with long terms of service was created to override the ordinance's statute that prohibited slavery. See Mills, p. 54 and 56.</ref> Jennings and his supporters who opposed slavery wrote writing articles appearing in the Vincennes ''Western Sun'' newspaper attacking Harrison's administration, its pro-slavery sentiments, and aristocratic policies.<ref>Mills, p. xxv</ref>

In 1808, when Congressman [[Benjamin Parke]] resigned from office, Harrison ordered a special election to fill the vacancy. Jennings entered the race against Harrison's candidate, Thomas Randolph, the attorney general for the territory, and John Johnson, a Vincennes native who had the support of the antislavery group.<ref>Mills, p. 51 and 98</ref> Randolph promised not to introduce slavery into the territory unless the majority of his constituents agreed, while Johnson remained silent on the issue. Jennings, an antislavery candidate from the eastern portion of the territory, rode from settlement to settlement to give speeches against slavery.<ref name=r22829>Riker, p. 228–29</ref> Jennings spoke against what he believed to be Randolph's aristocratic tendencies, ties to Harrison's territorial government, and the issue of slavery in the territory.<ref>Mills, p. 102–3</ref> Jennings found his greatest support among the growing [[Quaker]] community in the eastern part of the territory.<ref>Mills, p. 100</ref>

On November 27, 1809, Jennings was elected as a delegate to the [[11th United States Congress|Eleventh Congress]]. The election was close. Jennings beat Randolph, 428 votes to 402, with Johnson taking 81 votes.<ref name = w3031>Woolen, p. 30–31</ref><ref>Mills, p. 105</ref><ref name=r230>Riker, p. 230</ref> Randolph challenged the election results and traveled to Washington D.C. to take his case to the U.S. House of Representatives. Randolph claimed that election officials in Dearborn County did not follow proper procedures for certifying ninety-one votes in the county's seventh district and argued that the votes should be deducted from the vote totals. Once discarded, the revised totals would make Randolph the winner.<ref>Mills, p. 107–08</ref> A House committee took up the case, issued a resolution in Randolph's favor, and recommended that a new election be held. Randolph immediately left for the Indiana Territory to launch a new campaign for the seat, but the House defeated the committee's recommendation by an 83 to 30 vote margin and Jennings was permitted to take his seat.<ref name=r230/><ref>Mills, p. 109–113</ref><ref name = w31>Woolen, p. 31</ref> As a territorial delegate in Congress, Jennings learned the legislative process, served on House committees, introduced legislation, debated issues, and continued his ongoing crusade against Governor Harrison.<ref>Mills, p. 125</ref> Jennings did not play a major role in congressional discussions, but he did make an effort to represent the interests of his constituents. He was reelected in 1811, 1812, and 1814.<ref name=r230/>

===Courtship and marriage===
During his first session in Congress, Jennings had a small portrait of himself made, which he later gave to Ann Gilmore Hay, the daughter of a prominent Charlestown politician, whom he had recently begun courting.<ref group = n>The painting is the only known authentic portrait of Jennings. Both of Jennings's official portraits are based his 1809 portrait. See Mills, p. 133.</ref><ref>Gugan and St. Clair, p. 42</ref><ref>Riker, p. 231</ref> Hay was born in Harrodsburg, Kentucky, in 1792. Her family moved to Clark County in Indiana Territory, and settled in Charlestown. Jennings first met her when he was campaigning for Congress in 1809.<ref>Mills, p. 132</ref> After his first session in Congress ended, Jennings returned to Indiana Territory and married eighteen-year-old Ann on August 8, 1811.<ref name=r232>Riker, p. 232</ref> Ann's father had just died leaving her with no family or means of support.<ref>Mills, p. 133</ref> Following his reelection to Congress in 1811, the couple returned to Washington, where she remained briefly, before traveling to Pennsylvania to live with Jennings's sister, Ann Mitchell, for the remainder of the session.<ref>Mills, p. 136</ref> Jennings's wife suffered from ill health, which deteriorated after he became governor of Indiana in 1816, and she died after a protected illness in 1826.<ref>Mills, p. 175</ref> Later that year Jennings married Clarissa Barbee, who had come from Kentucky to teach at the Charlestown seminary.<ref name=r237/><ref name="Mills, p. 219">Mills, p. 219</ref> Jennings had no children from either marriage.<ref name=w41>Woolen, p. 41</ref><ref>Mills, p. 209–10</ref>

==Congressman==

===Battle with Harrison===
{{See also|History of slavery in Indiana|Indiana in the War of 1812|Tecumseh's War}}

[[File:William H. Harrison.jpg|thumb|right|upright|This [[portrait]] of General [[William Henry Harrison]] in military uniform during the [[War of 1812]].]]

Angered over his electoral loss, Randolph harangued anti-Harrison supporters, even challenging one to a [[duel]]. He was stabbed three times, but recovered and challenged Jennings in his bid for reelection in 1810.<ref>Mills, p. 116–17</ref> Harrison came out to personally stump on Randolph's behalf. Jennings focused on the slavery issue and tied Randolph to Harrison's continued attempts to legalize the institution. The congressional election coincided with the first popular election of delegates to the territorial legislature. In 1809, a year prior to the election, the territory's pro-slavery faction suffered a significant setback when Illinois was separated from the Indiana Territory, cutting Harrison off from his supporters in the western portion of the territory.<ref>Mills, p. 96</ref> Harrison suggested that Jennings further expanded his political base by stumping among the disaffected French residents of the territory.<ref>Mills, p. 107</ref> Jennings's defeat of Randolph in 1810 repudiated Harrison's pro-slavery policies. Following his triumph in the election, Jennings's and his anti-slavery allies were successful in enacting a legislative agenda that limited the territorial governor's authority and repealed an 1805 act regarding indentured service.<ref name = w31/><ref name=c25051>Cayton, p. 250–51</ref>

In his first full term in Congress, Jennings stepped up his attacks on Harrison, accusing him of using his office for personal gain, of taking part in questionable land speculation deals, and needlessly raising tensions with the Native American tribes on the frontier.<ref>Mills, p. 124–126 and 143</ref> Jennings presented a congressional resolution that intended to reduce Harrison's authority to make political appointments and opposed his policy of purchasing lands from the Indians.<ref>Riker, p. 230–31</ref> When Harrison was up for reappointment as territorial governor in 1810, Jennings sent a scathing letter to President [[James Madison]] that argued against his reappointment. Harrison's allies in Washington argued on his behalf and aided in securing his reappointment.<ref>Mills, p. 120</ref>

After hostilities broke out on the frontier between the Americans and the native tribes, culminating in the [[Battle of Tippecanoe]] in November 1811, Jennings successfully promoted passage of a bill to grant compensation to veterans of the battle and to give pensions for five years to the widows and orphans of those who were killed. Privately, Jennings lamented the battle, while his friends in the territory faulted Harrison for agitating the situation and causing the needless loss of life.<ref>Mills, p. 145–49</ref> As calls for war with [[Great Britain]] increased, Jennings was not among the [[war hawks]], but ultimately accepted the arrival of the [[War of 1812]].<ref name=m15153>Mills, p. 151–53</ref> Early in the war, Harrison was commissioned as a military general and dispatched to defend the frontier and invade [[Canada]], which caused him to resign from his post as territorial governor in 1812.<ref name=m15153/><ref>Cayton, p. 251</ref> Prior to Harrison's resignation, Jennings and his allies moved quickly to take advantage of the situation and initiated efforts to weaken the governor's authority. In 1811 the territorial legislature voted to move the capital away from Vincennes, a pro-Harrison stronghold, and began a shift in political power from the territorial governor to the delegates in the territorial legislature and its elected officials.<ref name=c25051>Cayton, p. 250–51</ref> [[John Gibson (Indiana)|John Gibson]], the elderly, acting governor, whose territorial duties largely dealt with military affairs, did not challenge the territorial legislature. When Harrison's successor, [[Thomas Posey]], was confirmed on March 3, 1813, Jennings's party in the territorial legislature had become entrenched and began to advance their request for statehood.<ref>Dunn, p. 284–85 and 287</ref><ref>Mills, p. 159</ref>

Jennings ran for reelection to Congress in 1811 against another pro-slavery candidate, [[Waller Taylor]]. The campaign was the most divisive in Jennings's career. Taylor derided Jennings as a "pitiful coward" and went so far as to challenge Jennings to a duel, but he refused.<ref name = w32>Woollen, p. 32</ref> Jennings ran on the slavery issue again, fielding his new motto, "No slavery in Indiana". Jennings's supporters tied Taylor, a territorial judge, to the pro-slavery movement.<ref name = w31/> Jennings easily won reelection, thanks to an expanding base of support that included the growing community of [[New Harmony, Indiana|Harmonists]].<ref>Mills, p. 153–54</ref><ref group = n>According to historian Randy Mills, the [[Harmonists]] began to arrive in the territory 1814 and quickly became a political factor in elections because they voted as a block under the direction of their leader, [[George Rapp]]. Jennings made an effort to gain Rapp's political support, especially after Jennings became governor. See Mills, p. 184–85.</ref> Following his reelection, Jennings developed [[jaundice]], an illness often caused by alcoholism, but he recovered.<ref>Mills, p. 15–78</ref> During his third term in Congress, Jennings began advocating that statehood be granted to Indiana, but held off formally introducing legislation until the end of the War of 1812. Jennings ran against Elijah Sparks in his 1814 reelection campaign and easily won.<ref name = w32/><ref>Mills, p. 156</ref>

===Push for statehood===
By 1815 Jennings and the territorial legislature were ready to embark on a course for statehood.<ref>Cayton, p. 252</ref> In December 1815 Jennings's introduced a petition from the territorial legislature to Congress that requested statehood for Indiana.<ref>Mills, p. 164</ref> The 1815 census showed the territory had a population exceeding 63,000, more than the minimum requirement for statehood under the Northwest Ordinance of 1787.<ref name=r232>Riker, p. 232</ref> The House began a debate on the measure and passed the Enabling Act on April 11, 1816. The act granted Indiana the right to form a government and elect delegates to a constitutional convention that would create a state [[constitution of Indiana|constitution]].<ref name=r232/><ref name = w32/><ref name=Mills167>Mills, p. 167</ref> The territorial governor, Thomas Posey, expressed concern that the territory was too under-populated to provide sufficient tax revenue to fund a state government.<ref name=Mills162>Mills, p. 162</ref> In a letter to President Madison, he recommended that the president veto the bill and delay statehood for another three years, which would allow him to finish his term as governor. Madison signed the bill, ignoring Posey's plea.

[[Dennis Pennington]], a leading member of the territorial legislature, was able to secure the election of many anti-slavery delegates to the constitutional convention. Jennings was a delegate from Clark County.<ref name=r232/> At the convention, held in June 1816 in the new territorial capital of [[Corydon, Indiana|Corydon]], Jennings was elected president of the assembly, which permitted him to appoint the convention's committee chairmen.<ref name=w32/><ref>Mills, p. 166</ref> Although the delegates drafted a new constitution for Indiana, the majority of the content was copied from other state constitutions, most notably Ohio and Kentucky.<ref>Cayton, p. 253</ref><ref>Mills, p. 171</ref> A few items were new and unique to Indiana.<ref name=Mills167/> Slavery, which was already prohibited in territorial legislation, was banned in the Indiana constitution; however, contracts for indentured servants, if they were already in existence, were preserved.<ref>Mills, p. 172</ref> The new state government, divided into legislative, executive, and judicial branches, gave the governor limited powers and concentrated authority in the hands of the [[Indiana General Assembly]] and county officials.<ref>Cayton, p. 254</ref><ref name=Mills168>Mills, p. 168</ref> Shortly after the convention, Jennings publicly announced his candidacy for governor.<ref name = w32/><ref>Mills, p. 173</ref>

==Governor==

===Campaign and election===
At the state convention in June 1816 Jennings may have informed some of the delegates that he intended to run for governor and by early July 1816 he had publicly announced his candidacy. Thomas Posey, Indiana's last territorial governor, was Jennings's opponent. Posey announced his own candidacy for governor prior to the convention's adjournment on June 29, 1816. With just five weeks before the August 5 election, there was little active campaigning. Posey, who thought Indiana statehood was premature, was not a popular candidate and suffered from health issues.<ref name=r233>Riker, p. 233</ref><ref name=C67>Carmony, p. 6–7</ref> Jennings won by a large majority, 5,211 votes to 3,934.<ref name = w33>Woollen, p. 33</ref><ref name=m17374>Mills, p. 173–74</ref> Most of Jennings's votes probably came from the eastern portion of the state, where his support was particularly strong, while Posey's probably came from the western portion.<ref name=C67/><ref>Cayton, p 258</ref> Jennings moved to the new state capital at [[Corydon, Indiana|Corydon]], where he served the duration of his term as governor.<ref name=m17374/>

Jennings's salary as governor, which was the highest for an elected official in the state, was $1,000.<ref>Carmony, p. 12</ref> Under the constitution, the governor served a three-year term and was prohibited from serving more that six years in a nine-year period.<ref>Gugin and St. Clair, p. 1</ref><ref group = n>Jennings was one of five Indiana governors under this version of the state constitution who served more than three years. See Gugin and St. Clair, p. 1.</ref> Jennings's agenda called for establishing court proceedings to secure justice, organizing a state-funded educational systems, creating a state banking system, preventing unlawful seizure and enslavement of free blacks, organizing a state library, and planning internal improvements.<ref name=r233/> His efforts had limited success, due, in part, to the state's limited financial resources and Jennings's limited powers as governor.<ref name=g44>Gugin and St. Clair, p. 44</ref>

Jennings strongly condemned slavery in his inauguration speech and as governor, he refined his stance on the institution. On November 7, 1816, Jennings encouraged the state legislature to enact laws to prevent "unlawful attempts to seize and carry into bondage persons of color legally entitled to their freedom" while preventing "those who rightfully owe service to the citizens of any other State or Territory, from seeking, within the limits of this state, a refuge from the possession of their lawful owners."<ref name = w33/> In 1817 Jennings acknowledged a moderation of his earlier position regarding fugitive slaves by claiming it was needed to "preserve harmony" among the states.<ref>Woollen, p. 34</ref> Jennings agreed to allow citizens "the means of reclaiming any slave escaping to this State that may rightfully belong to them…with as little delay as possible" after citizens of Kentucky had difficulty reclaiming their slaves who had escaped to Indiana.<ref>Woolen, p. 34–35</ref>

===Internal improvements===
In 1818, Jennings began promoting a large-scale plan for internal improvements in the state. Most of the projects were directed toward construction of roads, canals, and other projects to enhance the commercial appeal and economic viability of the state.<ref name = g188189>Goodrich and Tuttle, p. 188–89</ref> During Jennings's second term the state government continued to support public improvements, with new road construction and expanded settlement into central Indiana. After Indianapolis became the site for the state's permanent capital in 1821 and new settlers arrived in the area, the Indiana General Assembly appropriated $100,000 for new road construction and improvements to some of the more important routes, but it was considerably short of the amount needed.<ref name=g45>Gugin and St. Clair, p. 45</ref><ref>Carmony, p. 41</ref><ref group = n>The state granted the largest improvement project, the [[Indiana Canal Company]], first chartered in 1805, more than $1.5 million over several years to complete a canal on the Ohio River. The project was completed, after several delays, in 1831. See Dunn, p. 382–85</ref>

The state experienced budget shortages because of low tax revenues, which forced Jennings to pursue other means of financing the projects. The main sources of funds came from issuing government bonds to the state bank and sales of public lands. The state's spending and borrowing led to short-term budget problems, but despite early setbacks (poor access to capital eventually halted improvement programs and caused the [[Indiana Canal Company]] to fold because of lack of funds), the infrastructure improvements initiated by Jennings attracted new settlers to the state. By 1810 the Indiana Territory's population within the boundaries of the new state was 24, 520.<ref name=c185>Cayton, p. 185</ref> In the decades following his governorship, Indiana's population grew from sixty-five thousand in 1816 to 147,178 in 1820 and surpassed one million by 1850.<ref name = g188189/><ref name=c185/>

In his first inaugural speech in August 1816, Jennings called attention to the need for an educational plan.<ref>Carmony, p. 8</ref> In his 1817 annual message to the state legislature, he encouraged the establishment of a free, state-funded education system, as called for in the state constitution, but few of the state's citizens were willing to impose taxes to fund public schools.<ref>Mills, p. 197</ref> The state legislature believed priority should be given to creating government infrastructure. Lack of public funds postponed creation of a state library system until Governor James B. Ray's administration in 1826.<ref name=g44/>

From the beginning the state's banking institutions were closely tied to the state government's fiscal affairs, made even more challenging due to the state's "extremely limited economic and population base", the economic depression of the late teens and early twenties, a lack of experience in banking on the part of state politicians and citizens, and other factors.<ref name=C17>Carmony, p. 17</ref> "Indiana banking rested on shaky foundation even in the prosperous years preceding the Panic of 1819."<ref name=C17/> To remedy the problem, Jennings signed legislation in 1817 to create the First State Bank of Indiana by converting the Bank of Vincennes, established under a territorial charter in 1814, into the new bank's main headquarters and established three new branches at Corydon, [[Brookville, Indiana|Brookville]], and [[Vevay, Indiana|Vevay]].<ref>Gugin and St. Clair, p. 44–45</ref> The First State Bank soon became a depository of federal funds and was involved in land speculation. The Farmers and Mechanics Bank of [[Madison, Indiana|Madison]], established in 1814, chose to remain separate from the state bank under a territorial charter that was valid until 1835.<ref name=C1920>Carmony, p. 19–20</ref>

When state expenditures exceeded its revenues, Jennings preferred to secure the state's debts with bank loans to cover the shortfall rather than issuing treasury notes. Although taxes were levied and the state borrowed from the First State Bank of Indiana, the state's fiscal status remained bleak, worsened by the economic depression of 1819.<ref>Carmony, p. 13</ref> Around 1820 federal deposits at the First State Bank were suspended and the bank's notes were no longer accepted for purchases from federal land offices.<ref name=C1920/> Numerous reports of corruption at the Bank of Vincennes and the collapse of land values, brought on by the [[panic of 1819]], put the bank in further financial distress. By 1821 the bank was insolvent. In June 1822 the Knox County circuit court declared the First State Bank had forfeited its charter. In November 1823 the Indiana Supreme Court upheld the termination of the bank's charter and concluded that the First State Bank had "embezzled" $250,000 of federal deposits, issued more paper than it could redeem, had debt exceeding the limited allowed under its charter, established more branches than its capital and [[coins|specie]] could support, paid shareholders large dividends, and took steps to dissolve without paying debts owed.<ref>Carmony, p. 24</ref> For several years after the First State Bank's failure, Indiana citizens depended on the Bank of the United States, with a branch in Louisville, and the Farmers and Mechanics Bank of Madison for financial services.<ref name=g45/> Farmers and Mechanics Banks fared better than the First State Bank of Indiana, but its charter expired on January 1, 1835, and its paper passed at depreciated rates for several years.<ref>Carmony, p. 25</ref> Jennings was criticized for not monitoring the state's banks more carefully and investigating bank officials for potential wrongdoing.<ref name=g45/>

Most of Jennings second term was spent grappling with the state's continuing financial difficulties. When tax revenues and land sales remained low, the state's revenue was not sufficient to repay the bonds it used to finance internal improvements. The Indiana General Assembly was forced to significantly depreciate the value of its bonds, harming the state's credit and making it difficult to secure new loans.<ref name = g40/>

During his tenure as governor Jennings nominated three candidates to the [[Indiana Supreme Court]]: John Johnson, James Scott, and [[Jesse Lynch Holman]]. All three were quickly confirmed by the state legislature.<ref name=g44/><ref>Carmony, p. 9</ref>

===Treaty of St. Mary's===
{{See also|Treaty of St. Mary's}}

[[Image:Indiana Indian treaties.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Map showing treaties negotiated by Jennings.]]

In late 1818, Jennings was appointed as a federal commissioner, along with [[Lewis Cass]] and [[Benjamin Parke]], to negotiate a treaty with the [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] (Potawatomi, Wea, Miami, and Delaware), who lived in the northern and central parts of Indiana.<ref name=r234>Riker, p. 234</ref> The [[Treaty of St. Mary's]] allowed the State of Indiana to purchase millions of acres of land north of an 1809 treaty line and extending west to the Wabash River and two more parcels of land, which opened most of central Indiana to American settlement.<ref name=c263>Cayton, p. 263</ref> The appointment created a crisis in Jennings's political career.<ref>Mills, p. 189</ref> Because the state constitution prohibited a person from holding a federal government position while exercising duties as the state's governor, Jennings's political enemies seized the opportunity to force him from office by arguing that he had vacated the governor's office when he accepted the federal appointment.<ref name=r234/><ref name = w37>Woollen, p. 37</ref>

[[Lieutenant Governor of Indiana|Lieutenant Governor]] [[Christopher Harrison]] claimed that Jennings had "abandoned" his elected office and took over as the state's acting governor in Jennings's absence.<ref>Mills, p. 91</ref> In the meantime the [[Indiana House of Representatives]] launched an investigation. When Jennings learned of the situation, he was "mortified" that his actions were being questioned and burned the documents he received from the federal government that related to his assignment.<ref name = d377>Dunn, p. 377</ref><ref name=m19192>Mills, p. 191–92</ref> The legislature called Jennings and Harrison to appear for questioning; however, Jennings declined, stating the assembly did not have the authority to interrogate him, and Harrison refused to appear unless the assembly recognized him as the acting governor.<ref name = m19394>Mills, p. 193–94</ref> Because neither of the two men would meet with the legislature, the assembly demanded copies of the documents that Jennings received from the federal government to prove he was not acting as its agent. Jennings responded:
<blockquote>If I were in possession of any public documents calculated to advance the public interest, it would give me pleasure to furnish them, and I shall at all times be prepared to afford you any information which the constitution or laws of the State may require.... If the difficulty, real or supposed, has grown out of the circumstances of my having been connected with the negotiation at St Mary's, I feel it my duty to state to the committee that I acted from an entire conviction of its propriety and an anxious desire, on my part, to promote the welfare and accomplish the wishes of the whole people of the State in assisting to add a large and fertile tract of country to that which we already possess.<ref name = d377/></blockquote>

The legislature summoned everyone in the surrounding area who had any knowledge of the events at Saint Mary's, but found that no one was certain of Jennings's role in the commission. After a short debate, the House passed a resolution, voting 15 to 13, to recognize Jennings as governor and dropped it proceedings against him.<ref name = m19394/><ref>Woollen, p. 38</ref><ref group = n>The House committee investigation concluded Jennings had accepted a federal commission, but "was not prepared to say what its effect might be." See Carmony, p. 27.</ref> The House votes opposing Jennings came largely from the state's western counties.<ref>Carmony, p. 27</ref> Harrison was outraged by the decision and resigned as lieutenant governor.<ref>Mills, p. 194</ref>

In 1820 Harrison ran against Jennings in his reelection bid. Jennings won the election by a large majority, 11,256 votes to Harrison's 2,008.<ref name = w39>Woollen, p. 39</ref><ref>Mills, p. 196</ref> Jennings's win by a three-to-one margin suggests he remained a popular politician and the state's voters were not overly concerned by attacks on the governor's character.<ref>Carmony, p. 29</ref>

===Personal financial problems===
[[Image:Jennings mansion.jpg|right|thumb|Drawing of the home of Jonathan Jennings while he lived in Corydon, the first official governor's residence.]]

Jennings's personal finances suffered from the panic of 1819, while the Indiana governorship continued to increase his financial burden. Jennings was never able to recover from his debts.<ref name=r235>Riker, p. 235</ref> One historian suggests that Jennings's financial situation may arisen from the expenses incurred during his political campaigns, his long-time service in state government, and being too busy to adequately manage his farm.<ref name=m18788>Mills, p. 187–88</ref> Jennings and his wife frequently entertained visitors, legislators, and other dignitaries at their Corydon home. At a high-profile dinner in 1819, he hosted President [[James Monroe]] and General [[Andrew Jackson]] at a dinner held in their honor in Jeffersonville, when the two leaders were making a tour of the frontier states.<ref>Mills, p. 177</ref><ref>Carmony, p. 453</ref> In 1822 Jennings solicited a $1,000 personal loan from the [[Harmonists]] in a letter to his political ally, [[George Rapp]], but his request was denied. Jennings was able to secure personal loans from friends by granting mortgages on his land.<ref name=m18788/> Earlier in his career as a land speculator at Vincennes, when land prices decreased significantly, he was forced to sell several tracts of land at a loss.<ref name=r22526/><ref>Cayton, p. 245</ref>

By the late 1820s Jennings was critically short of cash.<ref>Mills, p. 218</ref> He depended on income from political office to pay his expenses. His farm was not likely to provide sufficient financial support. Because the thirty-eight-year-old Jennings was prohibited by law from running for reelection to a third term as Indiana governor in 1823, he was forced to consider other political options.<ref name=m198200>Mills, p. 198–200</ref><ref group = n>At that time Jennings was ineligible for re-election because the state constitution restricted the governor's term of service to a maximum of six years in a period of nine and Jennings had already served two three-year terms as governor. See Carmony, p. 80–81.</ref> Jennings decided to return to Congress.

===Return to Congress===
[[Image:Jonathan Jennings gravestone 002.JPG|thumb|Burial site of Jennings in the [[Charlestown, Indiana|Charlestown]] Cemetery.]]

In September 1822, shortly before his second term as governor expired, Jennings became a candidate for Congress after [[William Hendricks]] resigned his seat to run for Indiana governor.<ref name=r235/><ref>Gugin and St. Clair, p. 46</ref><ref name=C45658>Carmony, p. 456–58</ref><ref group = n>Historians have debated the idea that Jennings made an arrangement with Hendricks. In exchange for Jennings's support of Hendricks for the governorship, Hendricks would resign from Congress and support Jennings in the special election for the vacant congressional seat. See Mills, p. 199–200</ref> A special election was held on August 5, 1822, to fill Hendricks's vacant seat in Congress. At the same time, the state's increased population gave Indiana three congressional seats. A regular congressional election was held on the same day to elect three Indiana congressmen. Jennings and Davis Floyd were the principal candidates in the special election, which Jennings won.<ref name=C45658/> In the regular election to fill the seat for Indiana's Second Congressional District, Jennings easily won, defeating James Scott by a wide margin.<ref name=C45658/><ref>Mills, p. 204</ref> Jennings became a [[Democratic-Republican]] to the [[17th Congress]] and [[Lieutenant Governor of Indiana|Lieutenant Governor]] [[Ratliff Boon]] succeeded him as governor. Hendricks ran unopposed and was subsequently elected as governor to succeed Boon.<ref name = g40/><ref>Carmony, p. 80–81</ref> Jennings won reelection to Congress and represented Indiana's Second District until in 1830.<ref name=r235>Riker, p. 235</ref> He became a [[Jacksonian Republican]] in the [[18th United States Congress|18th Congress]], but switched his allegiance, becoming an Adams Republican in the [[19th Congress|19th]] and [[20th United States Congress|20th]] Congresses, and then aligned with the [[Anti-Jacksonian]]s in the [[21st Congress]].

Jennings continued to promote internal infrastructure improvements throughout his term in Congress.<ref name=m216>Mills, p. 216</ref> He introduced legislation to build more forts in the northwest, to grant federal funding for improvement projects in Indiana and Ohio, and led the debate in support of using federal funds to build the nations longest canal, [[Wabash and Erie Canal]], through Indiana. He introduced a legislative amendment that made a provision to locate and survey the [[National Road]] to the west, toward the [[Mississippi River]], so the people living in Indiana and Illinois would have some assurance that the road's large federal appropriation would benefit them directly.<ref>Riker, p. 234–35</ref> Jennings helped secure appropriation of funds to survey the Wabash River and make it more accessible to year-round steamboat travel.<ref name=r236>Riker, p. 236</ref>

In his reelection as the Second District congressman, Jennings supported tariff protection and internal improvements and vowed to support the presidential candidate that his constituents preferred if the election went to the House to decide the winner. Jennings won reelection to Congress in a close race, beating Jeremiah Sullivan of Madison.<ref>Carmony, p. 484–85</ref> In the presidential election of 1824 American political parties organized around three candidates: [[Andrew Jackson]] running against [[John Quincy Adams]] and [[Henry Clay]]. Jennings favored Adams, and later, Clay; however, when the contested presidential election passed to the House in 1825, Jennings voted with the majority and gave his political support to Jackson, but he was defeated in the House and Adams became president.<ref name=r236/><ref>Mills, p. 212</ref><ref group = n>Indiana's popular and electoral votes supported Jackson. Jennings may have used this information to decide his vote in Congress. See Riker, p. 236.</ref> Indiana voters who supported Jackson hoped for a victory in the next election.<ref group = n>In 1826, when William Henry Harrison returned to Indiana to stump for Adams, Jennings and Harrison found themselves on the same side. The two men toured the state together, endorsing [[John Quincy Adams|Adams]], and gave speeches that suggested they had reconciled their political differences and ended their feud. See Mills, p. 213</ref>

Jennings, seeking to advance his political career, ran for the [[United States Senate|Senate]] twice, but was defeated in both attempts.<ref name=r235/> In 1825 he was a senate candidate at a time when the Indiana General Assembly elected the state's senators to Congress. On the first ballot [[Isaac Blackford]] came in first, the incumbent governor, William Hendricks, came in second, and Jennings was third. On the fourth ballot Hendricks won the senate seat.<ref>Mills, p. 207–8</ref> In his second attempt Jennings lost to [[James Noble (senator)|James Noble]].<ref name=m216/>

Jennings's wife died in 1826 after a protected illness; the couple had no children. Jennings was deeply saddened by her loss and began to drink liquor more heavily.<ref>Mills, p. 210</ref> Later that year he married Clarissa Barbee, but his drinking condition only worsened and he was frequently inebriated.

While serving in Congress, Jennings's health continued to decline as he struggled with alcohol addiction and suffered from severe [[rheumatism]].<ref>Mills, p. 209</ref> In 1827 ceiling plaster from Jennings's Washington D.C. boarding room fell on his head, severely injuring him, and ill health limited his ability to visit his constituents,<ref name="Mills, p. 219"/> but he continued to remain a popular politician in Indiana. In the congressional election of 1826, Jennings ran unopposed.<ref>Carmony, p. 487</ref> He won reelection in 1828, soundly defeating his opponent, Indiana's lieutenant governor, John H. Thompson. Jennings did not publicly favor a presidential candidate and won the Second District seat with support from voters who favored Jackson and Adams.<ref>Carmony, p. 511–13</ref> During Jennings's final term in office House journals show that he introduced no legislation, was frequently not present to vote on matters, and only once delivered a speech. Jennings's friends, led by [[United States Senator|Senator]] [[John Tipton]], took note of his situation and took action to block Jennings's reelection bid when his drinking became a political liability.<ref name = w39/><ref name=m22223>Mills, p. 222–23</ref> [[John Carr (Indiana)|John Carr]], anti-Jackson man, opposed Jennings in a six-way race for the congressional seat and won the election.<ref name=m22223/> Tipton had arranged for others to enter the race and divide Jennings's supporters. Jennings left office on March 3, 1831.

==Later years==
Jennings was twice-elected Grand Master of the Indiana Grand Lodge of Freemasons, serving in 1824 and 1825. He declined reelection in 1825.<ref name = r237>Riker, p. 237</ref>

===Retirement===
Jennings retired with his wife, Clarissa, to his home in Charlestown.<ref name=w39/> Tipton may have felt it had been mistake to force Jennings out of public service and hoped that work would force him to give up alcohol. In 1831 Tipton secured Jennings an appointment to negotiate a treaty with native tribes in northern Indiana.<ref name=m224>Mills, p. 224</ref> Jennings attended the negotiations of the [[Treaty of Tippecanoe]], but the delegation failed in their attempt.<ref name=m22526>Mills, p. 225–26</ref> Afterwards, Jennings returned to his farm, where his health steadily declined. He continued drinking alcohol, spending considerable time a local tavern, and was frequently discovered sleeping in streets or in roadside ditches.<ref name=m224/><ref group = n>In the early 1830s Jennings made a pledge to stop drinking, but was he was unable to remain sober for long. See Mills, p. 222.</ref> Jenning's alcoholism worsened to the point where he was no longer able to tend his farm. Without a steady income Jennings's creditors began moving to seize his estate. In 1832 Tipton acquired the mortgage on Jennings's farm and enlisted the help of a local financier, [[James Lanier]], to acquire the debts on Jennings's other holdings.<ref name=m22526/><ref group = n>Jennings owed more than a thousand dollars on his mortgaged farm. See Mills, p. 226–27</ref> Tipton allowed Jennings to remain on his mortgaged farm for the remainder of Jennings's life and encouraged Lanier to grant the same permission.<ref>Mills, p. 228</ref>

Jennings died of a heart attack, most likely brought on by another bout with jaundice, on July 26, 1834, at his farm near Charlestown. He was fifty years old.<ref>Mills, p. xxvi and 228</ref> Jennings was buried after a brief ceremony in an unmarked grave. His estate lacked the funds to purchase a headstone.<ref>Owen, p. 248</ref> Jennings's creditors, many of whom were his neighbors, were left unpaid and disgruntled. Following Jennings's death, Tipton sold the Jennings farm to Joseph Carr and gave Jennings's widow a $100 gift from the proceeds.<ref name = m22930/>

==Legacy==

===Memorials===
In the late nineteenth century several attempts were made to erect a monument honoring Jennings's public service. On three separate occasions, in 1861, 1869 and 1889, petitions were brought before the Indiana General Assembly to erect a marker for Jennings's grave, but each attempt failed. In 1892 the state legislature finally granted the petition to erect a monument in his honor. Around the same time, after Jennings's unmarked gravesite was independently verified by three witnesses to his burial, his body was exhumed and reinterred at a new site at the Charlestown cemetery.<ref name=m22930/><ref group = n>Jennings's original burial site would have been forgotten if a group of school children who attended his funeral and were the only witnesses who were still living had not been able to identify its location. See Mills, p. 229.</ref>

Jonathan Jennings Elementary School in [[Charlestown, Indiana|Charlestown]] and [[Jennings County, Indiana|Jennings County]] are both named in his honor.<ref>Goodrich and Tuttle, p. 563</ref>

===Political impact===
Historians have offered varied interpretations of Jennings's life and his impact on the development of Indiana.<ref name=m22930>Mills, p. 229–30</ref> The state's early historians, William Wesley Woollen and [[Jacob Piatt Dunn]] Jr., wrote of Jennings in an almost mythical manner, focusing on the strong positive leadership he provided Indiana in its formative years. Dunn referred to Jennings as the "young Hercules", praising his crusade against Harrison and slavery.<ref>Mills, p. xiii</ref> Woolen's assessment was also positive: "Indiana owes him a debt more than she can compute."<ref name=w41/><ref name=m232>Mills, p. 232</ref> During the [[prohibition era]] in the early twentieth century, historians Logan Esarey and Arthur Blythe were more critical of Jennings.<ref name=mxv>Mills, p. xv</ref> Esarey, who wrote about Jennings during the height of Prohibition, when attitudes towards alcohol consumption was particularly harsh, was highly critical of Jennings's alcoholism and destitution.<ref name=mxvii>Mills, p. xvi and xvii</ref> Blythe described Jennings's abilities as "mediocre."<ref name=mxv/> Esarey argued that Jennings "took no decisive stand" on the important issues<ref>Esarey, p. 28</ref> and dismissed his importance and impact on Indiana, saying the legislature and its leading men set the tone of the era. In 1954 John Barnhart and Donald Carmony described Jennings as a "shrewd politician rather than a statesman", whose leadership was "not evident" at the 1816 convention.<ref name=mxvii/> Carmony argued that Jennings's "intemperance and poverty, should not obscure his significant contributions as territorial delegate to Congress, president of the Corydon Constitutional Convention, first state governor, and congressman."<ref>Carmony, p. 532–33</ref>

Modern historians, Howard Peckham, Randy Mills, Andrew R. L. Cayton, and Dorothy Riker, argue that Jennings's legacy may lie "somewhere between the two extremes" of Dunn's and Esarey's assessments.<ref>Riker, p. 239</ref> Mills agrees with Woollen that Indiana owes Jennings a debt of gratitude. Although Jennings's accomplishments were not extensive, he did a "commendable" job for his stewardship of a state in "transition to a more democratic form of government".<ref name=w41/><ref name=m232/> Cayton describes Jennings as "ambitious", "passionate", "hot-tempered", and "moody". He argues that Jennings was a successful campaigner, but an "indifferent" statesman and governor who was "not very good at laying out an agenda and achieving its implementation".<ref>Cayton, p. 227, 249–50</ref>

Jennings believed in popular democracy, opposed slavery, and despised aristocrats, especially William Henry Harrison, for "trampling on the rights of his fellow Americans."<ref>Cayton, p. 226–27</ref> His service as Indiana's governor and representative to Congress came at the end of one political era and the beginning of another, when governmental power and authority shifted from the governor and his patronage appointments to the state legislature and elected officials.<ref>Mills, p. 230–31</ref>

==Electoral history==

===Territorial delegate===
{{See also|Indiana Territory's At-large congressional district}}

{{Election box begin no change |title=Indiana Territory delegate to Congress, at-large, special election, 1809}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Independent (politics)
|candidate = Jonathan Jennings
|votes =429
|percentage = 46.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Independent (politics)
|candidate = Thomas Randolph
|votes = 405
|percentage =44.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Independent (politics)
|candidate = [[General Washington Johnston]]
|votes = 81
|percentage =8.7
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin no change |title=Indiana Territory delegate to Congress, at-large, 1810}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Independent (politics)
|candidate = Jonathan Jennings (incumbent)
|votes =523
|percentage = 52.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Independent (politics)
|candidate = Thomas Randolph
|votes = 476
|percentage =47.6
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin no change |title=Indiana Territory delegate to Congress, at-large, 1812}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Independent (politics)
|candidate = Jonathan Jennings (incumbent)
|votes =922
|percentage = 70.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Independent (politics)
|candidate = [[Waller Taylor]]
|votes = 548
|percentage =29.7
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin no change |title=Indiana Territory delegate to Congress, at-large, 1814}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Independent (politics)
|candidate = Jonathan Jennings (incumbent)
|votes =1802
|percentage = 69.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Independent (politics)
|candidate = Elijah Sparks
|votes = 848
|percentage =33.8
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Gubernatorial elections===
{{Election box begin no change |title=Indiana gubernatorial election, 1816<ref name="w33"/><ref name = cq1119>Congressional Quarterly, p. 1119</ref>}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Democratic-Republican
|candidate = Jonathan Jennings
|votes = 5,211
|percentage = 57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Democratic-Republican
|candidate = [[Thomas Posey]]
|votes = 3,934
|percentage = 43
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin no change |title=Indiana gubernatorial election, 1819<ref name = cq1119/><ref>Gugin and St. Clair, p. 51</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Democratic-Republican
|candidate = Jonathan Jennings (incumbent)
|votes = 11,256
|percentage = 84.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Christopher Harrison]]
|votes = 2,008
|percentage = 15.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Samuel Carr
|votes = 80
|percentage = —
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Indiana's 2nd Congressional district===
{{See also|Indiana's 2nd Congressional district}}

{{Election box begin no change |title=Indiana's 2nd Congressional district, 1822<ref>Congressional Quarterly, p. 541</ref>}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Jacksonian Republican
|candidate = Jonathan Jennings
|votes =15,129
|percentage = 100
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin no change |title=Indiana's 2nd Congressional district, 1824<ref>Congressional Quarterly, p. 545</ref>}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = National Republican Party
|candidate = Jonathan Jennings (incumbent)
|votes =4,680
|percentage = 53.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = National Republican Party
|candidate = [[Jeremiah Sullivan]]
|votes =4,119
|percentage = 46.8
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin no change |title=Indiana's 2nd Congressional district, 1826<ref>Congressional Quarterly, p. 548</ref>}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = National Republican Party
|candidate = Jonathan Jennings (incumbent)
|votes =7913
|percentage = 99.5
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin no change |title=Indiana's 2nd Congressional district, 1828<ref>Congressional Quarterly, p. 551</ref>}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Anti-Jacksonian
|candidate = Jonathan Jennings (incumbent)
|votes =7,659
|percentage = 73.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Independent (politics)
|candidate = John H. Thompson
|votes =2,785
|percentage = 26.7
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin no change |title=Indiana's 2nd Congressional district, 1830<ref>Congressional Quarterly, p. 556</ref>}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Jacksonian Republican
|candidate = [[John Carr (Indiana)|John Carr]]
|votes =4,854
|percentage = 32.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Anti-Jacksonian
|candidate = [[William W. Wick]]
|votes =4,605
|percentage = 31.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Independent (politics)
|candidate = [[James B. Ray]]
|votes =1,732
|percentage = 11.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Anti-Jacksonian
|candidate = Jonathan Jennings (incumbent)
|votes =1,680
|percentage = 11.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Independent (politics)
|candidate = John H. Thompson
|votes =1,486
|percentage = 10.0
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Indiana}}
*[[History of Indiana]]
*[[List of Governors of Indiana]]
{{-}}

==Footnotes==
<references group =n/>

==References==

===Notes===
{{Reflist|colwidth=15em}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book | author =Barnhart, John D., and Donald F. Carmony| title =Indiana: From Frontier to Industrial Commonwealth | publisher =Lewis Historical Publishing Company | series = | volume =1 | edition = | year =1954 | location =New York | pages = | url = | isbn =}}
*{{cite book | last =Carmony | first =Donald F. | coauthors = | title =Indiana, 1816–1850: The Pioneer Era | publisher =Indiana Historical Bureau and the Indiana Historical Society | series =The History of Indiana | volume =2 | edition = | year =1998 | location =Indianapolis | pages = | url = | isbn =0-87195-124-X}}
*{{cite book | last =Cayton | first =Andrew R. L. | coauthors = | title =Frontier Indiana | publisher =Indiana University Press | series = | volume = | edition = | year =1996 | location =Bloomington | pages = | url = | isbn =}}
*{{cite book|title=Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections|isbn=1-56802-602-1|publisher=CQ Press|location=Washington, D.C.}}
*{{cite book|author=[[Jacob Piatt Dunn|Dunn, Jacob Piatt]]|title=Indiana and Indianans: A History of Aboriginal and Territorial Indiana and the Century of Statehood|location=New York and Chicago|publisher=[[American Historical Society]]|year=1919}}
*{{cite book|author=Esarey, Logan |title=Messages and Papers of Jonathan Jennings, Ratliff Boone, William Hendricks, 1816-1825 | location =Indianapolis | publisher = Indiana Historical Commission | year=1924}}
*{{cite book|author=Goodrich, De Witt C., and Charles Richard Tuttle |title=An Illustrated History of the State of Indiana|year=1875|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-1ntxcb7KJYC}}
*{{cite book|editor=Gugin, Linda C., and James E. St. Clair |title=The Governors of Indiana|publisher=Indiana Historical Society Press|location=Indianapolis|year=2006|isbn=0-87195-196-7}}
*{{cite book|title=Jonathan Jennings: Indiana's First Governor|author=Mills, Randy Keith|publisher=[[Indiana Historical Society]] Press|location=Indianapolis|year= 2005|isbn=978-0-87195-182-3}}
*{{cite book|title=Mr. Jefferson's Hammer|pages=248|author=Owen, Robert|year=2007|isbn=0-8061-3842-4|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|location=Norman}}
*{{cite journal | last =Riker | first =Dorothy L. | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =Jonathan Jennings | journal =Indiana Magazine of History | volume =28 | issue =4 | pages =223–39 | publisher =Indiana University | location =Bloomington | date =December 1932 | url = http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/imh/view.do?docId=VAA4025-028-4-a01 | accessdate =2013-05-29}}
*{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=PCbZ8rS-84gC|title=Biographical and Historical Sketches of Early Indiana|author=Woollen, William Wesley|publisher=Ayer Publishing|year=1975|isbn=0-405-06896-4}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
*[http://www.in.gov/history/2461.htm Biography of Jonathan Jennings], [[Indiana Historical Bureau]]
*{{CongBio|J000097}}
*[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=5796 Jonathan Jennings] on Find-A-Grave

{{wikipedia

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jennings, Jonathan}}
[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Indiana history]]

Indianapolis, Indiana

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Indianapolis, Indiana

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File:William Willard.jpg

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=={{int:filedesc}}==
From Wikimedia Commons.

=={{int:license-header}}==
{{PD-old-70-1923}}

[[Category:Uploaded with UploadWizard]]
[[Category:Deaf people]]

Indiana School for the Deaf

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'''Indiana School for the Deaf (ISD)''' is a fully accredited school for the deaf and hard of hearing, located in [[Indianapolis, Indiana]]. It won the best deaf school in America in 2011 and 2014

==History==
When the first school for the Deaf was established in Indiana, it was not called Indiana School for the Deaf. It was named Willard School, after the founder, [[William Willard (deaf educator)|William Willard]].<ref>Gannon, Jack. 1981. ''Deaf Heritage–A Narrative History of Deaf America'', Silver Spring, MD: National Association of the Deaf, p. 23 ([http://saveourdeafschools.org/Deaf_Heritage_by_Jack_Gannon_page_23.pdf PDF])</ref>

William Willard was a deaf teacher who taught at Ohio School for the Deaf in Columbus, Ohio. He traveled to Indianapolis in May 1843 to propose the establishment of a Deaf School. Once he had the support of the General Assembly, he recruited approximately twelve students. He and his wife, Eliza, were teachers. Eventually, the school had grown and a law which was passed in January 1846, officially established the Willard School as the sixth state school for the Deaf and the first Deaf school to provide free education to Deaf and hard of hearing students. The school had actually moved a few times in different locations, when finally, the school was built on an 80 acre (32 hectare) property on East 42nd Street. The name was changed to Indiana School for the Deaf. The school's main buildings on the current campus are registered as historic landmarks.

==See also==
*[[William Willard (deaf educator)|William Willard]], founder and first Deaf superintendent of ISD
*[[Sean Berdy]], actor, class of 2011

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.deafhoosiers.com Indiana School for the Deaf Website]
*[http://www.isdorioles.com Indiana School for the Deaf Athletics]
{{wikipedia}}
[[Category:Places]]
[[Category:Deaf history]]

Category:Deaf history

2016-03-30T04:56:34Z

Jlharl: Created page with "The things on this page are important parts of deaf history in Indiana."

The things on this page are important parts of deaf history in Indiana.

Category:Places

2016-03-30T04:55:36Z

Jlharl: Created page with "The things on this page are historical places in Indiana."

The things on this page are historical places in Indiana.

Indiana School for the Deaf

2016-03-30T04:55:06Z

Jlharl: /* External links */

'''Indiana School for the Deaf (ISD)''' is a fully accredited school for the deaf and hard of hearing, located in [[Indianapolis, Indiana]]. It won the best deaf school in America in 2011 and 2014

==History==
When the first school for the Deaf was established in Indiana, it was not called Indiana School for the Deaf. It was named Willard School, after the founder, [[William Willard (deaf educator)|William Willard]].<ref>Gannon, Jack. 1981. ''Deaf Heritage–A Narrative History of Deaf America'', Silver Spring, MD: National Association of the Deaf, p. 23 ([http://saveourdeafschools.org/Deaf_Heritage_by_Jack_Gannon_page_23.pdf PDF])</ref>

William Willard was a deaf teacher who taught at Ohio School for the Deaf in Columbus, Ohio. He traveled to Indianapolis in May 1843 to propose the establishment of a Deaf School. Once he had the support of the General Assembly, he recruited approximately twelve students. He and his wife, Eliza, were teachers. Eventually, the school had grown and a law which was passed in January 1846, officially established the Willard School as the sixth state school for the Deaf and the first Deaf school to provide free education to Deaf and hard of hearing students. The school had actually moved a few times in different locations, when finally, the school was built on an 80 acre (32 hectare) property on East 42nd Street. The name was changed to Indiana School for the Deaf. The school's main buildings on the current campus are registered as historic landmarks.

==See also==
*[[William Willard (deaf educator)|William Willard]], founder and first Deaf superintendent of ISD
*[[Sean Berdy]], actor, class of 2011

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.deafhoosiers.com Indiana School for the Deaf Website]
*[http://www.isdorioles.com Indiana School for the Deaf Athletics]

[[Category:Places]]
[[Category:Deaf history]]

Indiana School for the Deaf

2016-03-30T04:54:51Z

Jlharl:

'''Indiana School for the Deaf (ISD)''' is a fully accredited school for the deaf and hard of hearing, located in [[Indianapolis, Indiana]]. It won the best deaf school in America in 2011 and 2014

==History==
When the first school for the Deaf was established in Indiana, it was not called Indiana School for the Deaf. It was named Willard School, after the founder, [[William Willard (deaf educator)|William Willard]].<ref>Gannon, Jack. 1981. ''Deaf Heritage–A Narrative History of Deaf America'', Silver Spring, MD: National Association of the Deaf, p. 23 ([http://saveourdeafschools.org/Deaf_Heritage_by_Jack_Gannon_page_23.pdf PDF])</ref>

William Willard was a deaf teacher who taught at Ohio School for the Deaf in Columbus, Ohio. He traveled to Indianapolis in May 1843 to propose the establishment of a Deaf School. Once he had the support of the General Assembly, he recruited approximately twelve students. He and his wife, Eliza, were teachers. Eventually, the school had grown and a law which was passed in January 1846, officially established the Willard School as the sixth state school for the Deaf and the first Deaf school to provide free education to Deaf and hard of hearing students. The school had actually moved a few times in different locations, when finally, the school was built on an 80 acre (32 hectare) property on East 42nd Street. The name was changed to Indiana School for the Deaf. The school's main buildings on the current campus are registered as historic landmarks.

==See also==
*[[William Willard (deaf educator)|William Willard]], founder and first Deaf superintendent of ISD
*[[Sean Berdy]], actor, class of 2011

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.deafhoosiers.com Indiana School for the Deaf Website]
*[http://www.isdorioles.com Indiana School for the Deaf Athletics]
{{Historic Places in Indianapolis}}

[[Category:Places]]
[[Category:Deaf history]]

Jonathan Jennings

2016-03-30T04:52:13Z

Jlharl: 1 revision imported: Multiple history articles

{{About|the politician|the gridiron football player|Jonathon Jennings}}
{{Infobox Politician
|name =Jonathan Jennings
|image =JonathanJennings.jpg
|caption =Official portrait of Jonathan Jennings by James Forbes, based on a small portrait of Jennings painted in 1809.
|width = 240px
|order =1st
|office =Governor of Indiana
|term_start =December 12, 1816
|term_end =September 12, 1822
|lieutenant =[[Christopher Harrison]] [[Ratliff Boon]]
|predecessor =[[Thomas Posey]] as Territorial Governor
|successor =[[Ratliff Boon]]
|order1 =Member of the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] from [[Indiana's 1st congressional district|Indiana's 1st district]]
|term_start1 =December 2, 1822
|term_end1 =March 3, 1831
|predecessor1 =[[William Hendricks]]
|successor1 =[[John Carr (Indiana)|John Carr]]
|order2 =Delegate to the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] from [[Indiana Territory's At-large congressional district|Indiana Territory]]
|term_start2 =November 27, 1809
|term_end2 =December 11, 1816
|predecessor2 =[[Jesse B. Thomas]]
|successor2 =[[William Hendricks]]<ref group = n>Hendricks was the first representative of the State of Indiana.</ref>
|birth_date= March 27, 1784
|birth_place= [[Readington, New Jersey]]
|death_date= {{BirthDeathAge| |1784|03|27 |1834|07|26}}
|death_place= [[Charlestown, Indiana]]
|spouse = Ann Gilmore Hay
|party = [[Democratic-Republican]]
|religion= [[Presbyterian]]<ref name = w29>Woollen, p. 29</ref>
|profession = [[lawyer]] [[farmer]] [[politician]]
|children = none
|signature=Jonathan Jennings Signature.svg
}}

'''Jonathan Jennings''' (March 27, 1784 – July 26, 1834) was the [[List of Governors of Indiana|first]] [[governor of Indiana]] and a nine-term congressman from [[Indiana]]. Born in either [[Hunterdon County, New Jersey]], or [[Rockbridge County, Virginia]], he studied law before immigrating to the [[Indiana Territory]] in 1806. Jennings initially intended to practice law, but took jobs as an assistant at the federal land office at [[Vincennes, Indiana|Vincennes]] and assistant to the clerk of the territorial legislature to support himself, and pursued interests in land speculation and politics. Jennings became involved in a dispute with the territorial governor, [[William Henry Harrison]], that soon led him to enter politics and set the tone for his early political career. In 1808 Jennings moved to the eastern part of the Indiana Territory and settled near [[Charlestown, Indiana|Charlestown]], in [[Clark County, Indiana|Clark County]]. He was elected as the [[Indiana Territory]]'s delegate to the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]] by dividing the pro-Harrison supporters and running as an anti-Harrison candidate. By 1812 he was the leader of the anti-slavery and pro-statehood faction of the territorial government. Jennings and his political allies took control of the territorial assembly and dominated governmental affairs after the resignation of Governor Harrison in 1812. As a congressional delegate Jennings aided passage of the Enabling Act in 1816, which authorized the organization of Indiana's state government and state constitution. He was elected president of the [[Constitution of Indiana|Indiana constitutional convention]], held in Corydon in June 1816, where he helped draft the state's first constitution. Jennings supported the effort to ban slavery in the state and favored a strong legislative branch of government.

In August 1816 Jennings was elected to serve as the first [[governor of Indiana]] at age 32, and re-elected for an additional term. He pressed for the construction of roads and schools, and negotiated the [[Treaty of St. Mary's]] to open up central Indiana to American settlement. His opponents attacked his participation in the treaty negotiations as unconstitutional and brought impeachment proceedings against him, a measure that was narrowly defeated by a vote of 15 to 13 after a month-long investigation and the resignation of the lieutenant governor. During his second term and following the [[panic of 1819]], Jennings encountered financial problems, a situation exacerbated by his inability to keep up with his business interests and run the state government simultaneously. Ineligible for another term as Indiana governor under the state constitution, Jennings looked for other means of financial support. Shortly before completion of his second term as governor in 1822, Jennings was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, before retiring from public service in 1831. In Congress Jennings promoted federal spending on [[internal improvements]].

Jennings had been a heavy drinker of alcohol for much of his life. His addiction worsened after the death of his first wife, Ann, and his development of [[rheumatism]]. Jennings's alcoholism led to defeat in his reelection campaign in 1830. In retirement his condition worsened and he was unable to work his farm. When his finances collapsed, his creditors sought to take his land holdings and [[Charlestown, Indiana|Charlestown]] farm. To protect his friend, [[United States Senator|U.S. Senator]] [[John Tipton]] purchased Jennings's farm and permitted him to continue living there. After Jennings's death, his estate was sold, but it left no funds to purchase a headstone for his grave, which remained unmarked for fifty-seven years.

Historians have offered varied interpretations of Jennings's life and impact on the development of Indiana. Early state historians, [[Jacob Piatt Dunn]] Jr. and William Wesley Woollen, gave Jennings high praise and credited him with the defeat of the pro-slavery forces in Indiana and with laying the foundation of the state. More critical historians during the [[prohibition era]], such as Logan Eseray, described Jennings as a crafty and self-promoting politician and focused on his alcoholism. Among the modern historians, Randy Mills places Jennings's importance between the two extremes, but agreed with Woolen's assessment that the state "owes him more than she can compute."

==Early life==

===Family background===
Jonathan Jennings, the son of Jacob and Mary Kennedy Jennings, was born in either [[Readington, New Jersey|Readington Township]], [[Hunterdon County, New Jersey]], or [[Rockbridge County, Virginia]], on March 27, 1784.<ref>Cayton, p. 277</ref><ref name=m8>Mills, p. 8</ref> He was the sixth of the Jennings's eight children.<ref name=r223>Riker, p. 223</ref><ref name=g40>Gugan and St. Clair, p. 40</ref> His father was a doctor, [[Presbyterian]] missionary, and an ordained [[preacher|minister]] in the Dutch Reformed Church.<ref name=r223/><ref>Mills, p. 7–8</ref> His mother, who was well educated and practiced medicine, was the daughter of Samuel Kennedy, a [[Presbyterian]] minister at [[Basking Ridge, New Jersey]].<ref name=r223/> Mary, who may have had a medical degree, assisted her husband in his practice.<ref>Mills, p. 2</ref> Around 1790 Jennings's father moved the family to Dunlap Creek in [[Fayette County, Pennsylvania]], where Jennings remained until his adulthood. After his mother's death in 1792, Jennings was raised by his older sister, Sarah, and his brother, Ebenezer.<ref>Mills, p. 4</ref> Jennings was particularly close to Ebenezer and his younger sister, Ann, and her husband, David G. Mitchell, who was a physician.<ref>Riker, p. 223–24</ref><ref>Mills, p. 5</ref> Jennings was schooled at home, then attended the nearby [[grammar school]] in [[Canonsburg, Pennsylvania]], where he received a basic education. Two of his classmates, [[William Hendricks]] and [[William W. Wick]], would later become his political allies.<ref name = w29/><ref name=m8/> Jennings studied law in Washington, Pennsylvania.<ref name=g41>Gugin and St. Clair, p. 41</ref> By 1806 Jennings had left Pennsylvania and moved to [[Steubenville, Ohio]], where his brother, Obadiah, had a law office.<ref name=r225>Riker, p. 225</ref> Jennings helped Obadiah in cases before the [[Ohio Supreme Court]].<ref>Mills, p. 12</ref>

In 1806 Jennings headed west to [[Jeffersonville, Indiana|Jeffersonville]] in the [[Indiana Territory]], but stayed only briefly.<ref name=g41/> He moved to [[Vincennes, Indiana|Vincennes]], the capital of the Indiana Territory, in early 1807 to open his own law practice and was admitted to the bar in April.<ref name=g41/><ref name=r225/><ref>Mills, p. 76</ref> Jennings had difficulty earning an income as a lawyer, finding there were too few clients in the territory to keep him busy.<ref name = w29/> In July 1807 Nathaniel Ewing, the federal land receiver at Vincennes and a friend from Pennsylvania, invited Jennings to take a job as assistant to John Badollet, the registrar at the federal land office in Vincennes.<ref>Mills, p. 59–60 and 71–72</ref> Along with Badollet, Jennings engaged in land speculation. He obtained significant land holdings and made substantial profits.<ref>Mills, p. 38 and 76</ref> In 1807 Jennings became an assistant to the clerk of the territorial legislature and continued to speculate on the sale of public lands.<ref name=g41/><ref name=r22526>Riker, p. 225–26</ref>

===Confrontation with Harrison===
In August 1807 Jennings was appointed clerk of the [[Vincennes University]] board of trustees and began to be drawn into ongoing political disputes going on territory. The territorial governor, [[William Henry Harrison]], was a member and president of the board.<ref>Riker, p. 226</ref><ref>Mills, p. xxv and 85</ref><ref group = n>Harrison, who came from a well-connected political family in Virginia, had served as an officer in the [[Northwest Indian War]] and as a territorial delegate to Congress. Harrison later became a U.S. senator, ambassador, and president. See Gugin and St. Clair, p. 18–26</ref> As governor of the Indiana Territory, Harrison wielded considerable influence through his political appointments and veto powers.<ref>Mills, p. 46–47</ref> Jennings received the university appointment after General Washington Johnston resigned as clerk of the board following a dispute over Harrison's proposal to ban the French residents of Vincennes from using the university's commons. The board defeated Harrison's proposal, but Johnston resigned as its clerk and Jennings was selected as his replacement over Henry Hurst, one of Harrison's loyal supporters. Harrison was outraged and promptly resigned from the board, but later reconsidered his decision. In September 1807 Harrison was easily reelected to the board and selected as its president. In the meantime, Johnston wrote a pamphlet describing the board's proceedings, which Jennings certified without the board's knowledge or approval. Jennings further angered Harrison when he attempted to secure a clerkship in the territorial legislature. Jennings's opponent for the clerkship was the anti-slavery candidate [[Davis Floyd]], an enemy of Harrison. After Jennings dropped out of the race, Floyd was selected for the position and became an important political ally to Jennings.<ref name=m8087>Mills, p. 80–87</ref> In April 1808, with Harrison reelected as president of the Vincennes University board, a commission was appointed to investigate Jennings's conduct.<ref name=m87>Mills, p. 87</ref> The committee's inquiry concerned Jennings's certification of Johnston's pamphlet dealing with board proceedings without their knowledge.<ref>Riker, p. 226–27</ref> The incident led to Jennings's resignation in 1808 and created a considerable amount of animosity between the two that prevailed for many years.<ref name=m87/><ref group = n>The incident is significant given that Jennings and Harrison were political opponents later in Jennings's career, but records do not exist that describe their relationship when Jennings lived in Vincennes. The board inquiry appears to be based on Jennings's certification of the pamphlet dealing with board proceedings rather than political opposition. See Riker, p. 227.</ref>

By March 1808, Jennings believed that his future in the Harrison-dominated western part of the territory was bleak. By November he had left Vincennes and moved to [[Jeffersonville, Indiana|Jeffersonville]], in [[Clark County, Indiana|Clark County]], Indiana Territory, before settling in nearby [[Charlestown, Indiana|Charlestown]].<ref>Mills, p. 88</ref> Jennings may have believed his political future would have more success in the eastern part of the territory.<ref>Riker, p. 228</ref><ref>Mills, p. 89</ref> Settlements in the southeast and eastern portion of the territory opposed slavery and Harrison's aristocratic manner, which were similar to Jennings's beliefs, while the western portion of the territory and Vincennes area remained proslavery.<ref name = w30>Woolen, p. 30</ref><ref name=m92>Mills, p. 92</ref><ref group = n>When the Indiana Territory was organized in 1800 the people living in the territory favored slavery; however, after it was divided into the Indiana and Illinois territories in 1809 and the Illinois group was removed, the Indiana Territory's remaining proslavery element became much smaller. See Riker, p. 288–89.</ref> Although petitions to allow slavery were received before the formation of the Indiana Territory, the issue attracted widespread attention in 1807 when Harrison and his supporters in the territorial legislature revived efforts to allow slavery in the territory.<ref name = w30/><ref>Cayton, p. 246</ref><ref group = n>Slavery had long existed in the region. It was practiced by the French in the Illinois Country and the area around Vincennes, the center of the pro-slavery establishment in the territory, and by the American settlers from Virginia and the upland South. Although slavery was prohibited throughout the territory, as outlined in the [[Northwest Ordinance]] of 1787, it was not enforced. William Henry Harrison, a Virginian by birth, owned and traded in slaves while serving as territorial governor, as did others who lived in the Indiana Territory. An indentured servant system with long terms of service was created to override the ordinance's statute that prohibited slavery. See Mills, p. 54 and 56.</ref> Jennings and his supporters who opposed slavery wrote writing articles appearing in the Vincennes ''Western Sun'' newspaper attacking Harrison's administration, its pro-slavery sentiments, and aristocratic policies.<ref>Mills, p. xxv</ref>

In 1808, when Congressman [[Benjamin Parke]] resigned from office, Harrison ordered a special election to fill the vacancy. Jennings entered the race against Harrison's candidate, Thomas Randolph, the attorney general for the territory, and John Johnson, a Vincennes native who had the support of the antislavery group.<ref>Mills, p. 51 and 98</ref> Randolph promised not to introduce slavery into the territory unless the majority of his constituents agreed, while Johnson remained silent on the issue. Jennings, an antislavery candidate from the eastern portion of the territory, rode from settlement to settlement to give speeches against slavery.<ref name=r22829>Riker, p. 228–29</ref> Jennings spoke against what he believed to be Randolph's aristocratic tendencies, ties to Harrison's territorial government, and the issue of slavery in the territory.<ref>Mills, p. 102–3</ref> Jennings found his greatest support among the growing [[Quaker]] community in the eastern part of the territory.<ref>Mills, p. 100</ref>

On November 27, 1809, Jennings was elected as a delegate to the [[11th United States Congress|Eleventh Congress]]. The election was close. Jennings beat Randolph, 428 votes to 402, with Johnson taking 81 votes.<ref name = w3031>Woolen, p. 30–31</ref><ref>Mills, p. 105</ref><ref name=r230>Riker, p. 230</ref> Randolph challenged the election results and traveled to Washington D.C. to take his case to the U.S. House of Representatives. Randolph claimed that election officials in Dearborn County did not follow proper procedures for certifying ninety-one votes in the county's seventh district and argued that the votes should be deducted from the vote totals. Once discarded, the revised totals would make Randolph the winner.<ref>Mills, p. 107–08</ref> A House committee took up the case, issued a resolution in Randolph's favor, and recommended that a new election be held. Randolph immediately left for the Indiana Territory to launch a new campaign for the seat, but the House defeated the committee's recommendation by an 83 to 30 vote margin and Jennings was permitted to take his seat.<ref name=r230/><ref>Mills, p. 109–113</ref><ref name = w31>Woolen, p. 31</ref> As a territorial delegate in Congress, Jennings learned the legislative process, served on House committees, introduced legislation, debated issues, and continued his ongoing crusade against Governor Harrison.<ref>Mills, p. 125</ref> Jennings did not play a major role in congressional discussions, but he did make an effort to represent the interests of his constituents. He was reelected in 1811, 1812, and 1814.<ref name=r230/>

===Courtship and marriage===
During his first session in Congress, Jennings had a small portrait of himself made, which he later gave to Ann Gilmore Hay, the daughter of a prominent Charlestown politician, whom he had recently begun courting.<ref group = n>The painting is the only known authentic portrait of Jennings. Both of Jennings's official portraits are based his 1809 portrait. See Mills, p. 133.</ref><ref>Gugan and St. Clair, p. 42</ref><ref>Riker, p. 231</ref> Hay was born in Harrodsburg, Kentucky, in 1792. Her family moved to Clark County in Indiana Territory, and settled in Charlestown. Jennings first met her when he was campaigning for Congress in 1809.<ref>Mills, p. 132</ref> After his first session in Congress ended, Jennings returned to Indiana Territory and married eighteen-year-old Ann on August 8, 1811.<ref name=r232>Riker, p. 232</ref> Ann's father had just died leaving her with no family or means of support.<ref>Mills, p. 133</ref> Following his reelection to Congress in 1811, the couple returned to Washington, where she remained briefly, before traveling to Pennsylvania to live with Jennings's sister, Ann Mitchell, for the remainder of the session.<ref>Mills, p. 136</ref> Jennings's wife suffered from ill health, which deteriorated after he became governor of Indiana in 1816, and she died after a protected illness in 1826.<ref>Mills, p. 175</ref> Later that year Jennings married Clarissa Barbee, who had come from Kentucky to teach at the Charlestown seminary.<ref name=r237/><ref name="Mills, p. 219">Mills, p. 219</ref> Jennings had no children from either marriage.<ref name=w41>Woolen, p. 41</ref><ref>Mills, p. 209–10</ref>

==Congressman==

===Battle with Harrison===
{{See also|History of slavery in Indiana|Indiana in the War of 1812|Tecumseh's War}}

[[File:William H. Harrison.jpg|thumb|right|upright|This [[portrait]] of General [[William Henry Harrison]] in military uniform during the [[War of 1812]].]]

Angered over his electoral loss, Randolph harangued anti-Harrison supporters, even challenging one to a [[duel]]. He was stabbed three times, but recovered and challenged Jennings in his bid for reelection in 1810.<ref>Mills, p. 116–17</ref> Harrison came out to personally stump on Randolph's behalf. Jennings focused on the slavery issue and tied Randolph to Harrison's continued attempts to legalize the institution. The congressional election coincided with the first popular election of delegates to the territorial legislature. In 1809, a year prior to the election, the territory's pro-slavery faction suffered a significant setback when Illinois was separated from the Indiana Territory, cutting Harrison off from his supporters in the western portion of the territory.<ref>Mills, p. 96</ref> Harrison suggested that Jennings further expanded his political base by stumping among the disaffected French residents of the territory.<ref>Mills, p. 107</ref> Jennings's defeat of Randolph in 1810 repudiated Harrison's pro-slavery policies. Following his triumph in the election, Jennings's and his anti-slavery allies were successful in enacting a legislative agenda that limited the territorial governor's authority and repealed an 1805 act regarding indentured service.<ref name = w31/><ref name=c25051>Cayton, p. 250–51</ref>

In his first full term in Congress, Jennings stepped up his attacks on Harrison, accusing him of using his office for personal gain, of taking part in questionable land speculation deals, and needlessly raising tensions with the Native American tribes on the frontier.<ref>Mills, p. 124–126 and 143</ref> Jennings presented a congressional resolution that intended to reduce Harrison's authority to make political appointments and opposed his policy of purchasing lands from the Indians.<ref>Riker, p. 230–31</ref> When Harrison was up for reappointment as territorial governor in 1810, Jennings sent a scathing letter to President [[James Madison]] that argued against his reappointment. Harrison's allies in Washington argued on his behalf and aided in securing his reappointment.<ref>Mills, p. 120</ref>

After hostilities broke out on the frontier between the Americans and the native tribes, culminating in the [[Battle of Tippecanoe]] in November 1811, Jennings successfully promoted passage of a bill to grant compensation to veterans of the battle and to give pensions for five years to the widows and orphans of those who were killed. Privately, Jennings lamented the battle, while his friends in the territory faulted Harrison for agitating the situation and causing the needless loss of life.<ref>Mills, p. 145–49</ref> As calls for war with [[Great Britain]] increased, Jennings was not among the [[war hawks]], but ultimately accepted the arrival of the [[War of 1812]].<ref name=m15153>Mills, p. 151–53</ref> Early in the war, Harrison was commissioned as a military general and dispatched to defend the frontier and invade [[Canada]], which caused him to resign from his post as territorial governor in 1812.<ref name=m15153/><ref>Cayton, p. 251</ref> Prior to Harrison's resignation, Jennings and his allies moved quickly to take advantage of the situation and initiated efforts to weaken the governor's authority. In 1811 the territorial legislature voted to move the capital away from Vincennes, a pro-Harrison stronghold, and began a shift in political power from the territorial governor to the delegates in the territorial legislature and its elected officials.<ref name=c25051>Cayton, p. 250–51</ref> [[John Gibson (Indiana)|John Gibson]], the elderly, acting governor, whose territorial duties largely dealt with military affairs, did not challenge the territorial legislature. When Harrison's successor, [[Thomas Posey]], was confirmed on March 3, 1813, Jennings's party in the territorial legislature had become entrenched and began to advance their request for statehood.<ref>Dunn, p. 284–85 and 287</ref><ref>Mills, p. 159</ref>

Jennings ran for reelection to Congress in 1811 against another pro-slavery candidate, [[Waller Taylor]]. The campaign was the most divisive in Jennings's career. Taylor derided Jennings as a "pitiful coward" and went so far as to challenge Jennings to a duel, but he refused.<ref name = w32>Woollen, p. 32</ref> Jennings ran on the slavery issue again, fielding his new motto, "No slavery in Indiana". Jennings's supporters tied Taylor, a territorial judge, to the pro-slavery movement.<ref name = w31/> Jennings easily won reelection, thanks to an expanding base of support that included the growing community of [[New Harmony, Indiana|Harmonists]].<ref>Mills, p. 153–54</ref><ref group = n>According to historian Randy Mills, the [[Harmonists]] began to arrive in the territory 1814 and quickly became a political factor in elections because they voted as a block under the direction of their leader, [[George Rapp]]. Jennings made an effort to gain Rapp's political support, especially after Jennings became governor. See Mills, p. 184–85.</ref> Following his reelection, Jennings developed [[jaundice]], an illness often caused by alcoholism, but he recovered.<ref>Mills, p. 15–78</ref> During his third term in Congress, Jennings began advocating that statehood be granted to Indiana, but held off formally introducing legislation until the end of the War of 1812. Jennings ran against Elijah Sparks in his 1814 reelection campaign and easily won.<ref name = w32/><ref>Mills, p. 156</ref>

===Push for statehood===
By 1815 Jennings and the territorial legislature were ready to embark on a course for statehood.<ref>Cayton, p. 252</ref> In December 1815 Jennings's introduced a petition from the territorial legislature to Congress that requested statehood for Indiana.<ref>Mills, p. 164</ref> The 1815 census showed the territory had a population exceeding 63,000, more than the minimum requirement for statehood under the Northwest Ordinance of 1787.<ref name=r232>Riker, p. 232</ref> The House began a debate on the measure and passed the Enabling Act on April 11, 1816. The act granted Indiana the right to form a government and elect delegates to a constitutional convention that would create a state [[constitution of Indiana|constitution]].<ref name=r232/><ref name = w32/><ref name=Mills167>Mills, p. 167</ref> The territorial governor, Thomas Posey, expressed concern that the territory was too under-populated to provide sufficient tax revenue to fund a state government.<ref name=Mills162>Mills, p. 162</ref> In a letter to President Madison, he recommended that the president veto the bill and delay statehood for another three years, which would allow him to finish his term as governor. Madison signed the bill, ignoring Posey's plea.

[[Dennis Pennington]], a leading member of the territorial legislature, was able to secure the election of many anti-slavery delegates to the constitutional convention. Jennings was a delegate from Clark County.<ref name=r232/> At the convention, held in June 1816 in the new territorial capital of [[Corydon, Indiana|Corydon]], Jennings was elected president of the assembly, which permitted him to appoint the convention's committee chairmen.<ref name=w32/><ref>Mills, p. 166</ref> Although the delegates drafted a new constitution for Indiana, the majority of the content was copied from other state constitutions, most notably Ohio and Kentucky.<ref>Cayton, p. 253</ref><ref>Mills, p. 171</ref> A few items were new and unique to Indiana.<ref name=Mills167/> Slavery, which was already prohibited in territorial legislation, was banned in the Indiana constitution; however, contracts for indentured servants, if they were already in existence, were preserved.<ref>Mills, p. 172</ref> The new state government, divided into legislative, executive, and judicial branches, gave the governor limited powers and concentrated authority in the hands of the [[Indiana General Assembly]] and county officials.<ref>Cayton, p. 254</ref><ref name=Mills168>Mills, p. 168</ref> Shortly after the convention, Jennings publicly announced his candidacy for governor.<ref name = w32/><ref>Mills, p. 173</ref>

==Governor==

===Campaign and election===
At the state convention in June 1816 Jennings may have informed some of the delegates that he intended to run for governor and by early July 1816 he had publicly announced his candidacy. Thomas Posey, Indiana's last territorial governor, was Jennings's opponent. Posey announced his own candidacy for governor prior to the convention's adjournment on June 29, 1816. With just five weeks before the August 5 election, there was little active campaigning. Posey, who thought Indiana statehood was premature, was not a popular candidate and suffered from health issues.<ref name=r233>Riker, p. 233</ref><ref name=C67>Carmony, p. 6–7</ref> Jennings won by a large majority, 5,211 votes to 3,934.<ref name = w33>Woollen, p. 33</ref><ref name=m17374>Mills, p. 173–74</ref> Most of Jennings's votes probably came from the eastern portion of the state, where his support was particularly strong, while Posey's probably came from the western portion.<ref name=C67/><ref>Cayton, p 258</ref> Jennings moved to the new state capital at [[Corydon, Indiana|Corydon]], where he served the duration of his term as governor.<ref name=m17374/>

Jennings's salary as governor, which was the highest for an elected official in the state, was $1,000.<ref>Carmony, p. 12</ref> Under the constitution, the governor served a three-year term and was prohibited from serving more that six years in a nine-year period.<ref>Gugin and St. Clair, p. 1</ref><ref group = n>Jennings was one of five Indiana governors under this version of the state constitution who served more than three years. See Gugin and St. Clair, p. 1.</ref> Jennings's agenda called for establishing court proceedings to secure justice, organizing a state-funded educational systems, creating a state banking system, preventing unlawful seizure and enslavement of free blacks, organizing a state library, and planning internal improvements.<ref name=r233/> His efforts had limited success, due, in part, to the state's limited financial resources and Jennings's limited powers as governor.<ref name=g44>Gugin and St. Clair, p. 44</ref>

Jennings strongly condemned slavery in his inauguration speech and as governor, he refined his stance on the institution. On November 7, 1816, Jennings encouraged the state legislature to enact laws to prevent "unlawful attempts to seize and carry into bondage persons of color legally entitled to their freedom" while preventing "those who rightfully owe service to the citizens of any other State or Territory, from seeking, within the limits of this state, a refuge from the possession of their lawful owners."<ref name = w33/> In 1817 Jennings acknowledged a moderation of his earlier position regarding fugitive slaves by claiming it was needed to "preserve harmony" among the states.<ref>Woollen, p. 34</ref> Jennings agreed to allow citizens "the means of reclaiming any slave escaping to this State that may rightfully belong to them…with as little delay as possible" after citizens of Kentucky had difficulty reclaiming their slaves who had escaped to Indiana.<ref>Woolen, p. 34–35</ref>

===Internal improvements===
In 1818, Jennings began promoting a large-scale plan for internal improvements in the state. Most of the projects were directed toward construction of roads, canals, and other projects to enhance the commercial appeal and economic viability of the state.<ref name = g188189>Goodrich and Tuttle, p. 188–89</ref> During Jennings's second term the state government continued to support public improvements, with new road construction and expanded settlement into central Indiana. After Indianapolis became the site for the state's permanent capital in 1821 and new settlers arrived in the area, the Indiana General Assembly appropriated $100,000 for new road construction and improvements to some of the more important routes, but it was considerably short of the amount needed.<ref name=g45>Gugin and St. Clair, p. 45</ref><ref>Carmony, p. 41</ref><ref group = n>The state granted the largest improvement project, the [[Indiana Canal Company]], first chartered in 1805, more than $1.5 million over several years to complete a canal on the Ohio River. The project was completed, after several delays, in 1831. See Dunn, p. 382–85</ref>

The state experienced budget shortages because of low tax revenues, which forced Jennings to pursue other means of financing the projects. The main sources of funds came from issuing government bonds to the state bank and sales of public lands. The state's spending and borrowing led to short-term budget problems, but despite early setbacks (poor access to capital eventually halted improvement programs and caused the [[Indiana Canal Company]] to fold because of lack of funds), the infrastructure improvements initiated by Jennings attracted new settlers to the state. By 1810 the Indiana Territory's population within the boundaries of the new state was 24, 520.<ref name=c185>Cayton, p. 185</ref> In the decades following his governorship, Indiana's population grew from sixty-five thousand in 1816 to 147,178 in 1820 and surpassed one million by 1850.<ref name = g188189/><ref name=c185/>

In his first inaugural speech in August 1816, Jennings called attention to the need for an educational plan.<ref>Carmony, p. 8</ref> In his 1817 annual message to the state legislature, he encouraged the establishment of a free, state-funded education system, as called for in the state constitution, but few of the state's citizens were willing to impose taxes to fund public schools.<ref>Mills, p. 197</ref> The state legislature believed priority should be given to creating government infrastructure. Lack of public funds postponed creation of a state library system until Governor James B. Ray's administration in 1826.<ref name=g44/>

From the beginning the state's banking institutions were closely tied to the state government's fiscal affairs, made even more challenging due to the state's "extremely limited economic and population base", the economic depression of the late teens and early twenties, a lack of experience in banking on the part of state politicians and citizens, and other factors.<ref name=C17>Carmony, p. 17</ref> "Indiana banking rested on shaky foundation even in the prosperous years preceding the Panic of 1819."<ref name=C17/> To remedy the problem, Jennings signed legislation in 1817 to create the First State Bank of Indiana by converting the Bank of Vincennes, established under a territorial charter in 1814, into the new bank's main headquarters and established three new branches at Corydon, [[Brookville, Indiana|Brookville]], and [[Vevay, Indiana|Vevay]].<ref>Gugin and St. Clair, p. 44–45</ref> The First State Bank soon became a depository of federal funds and was involved in land speculation. The Farmers and Mechanics Bank of [[Madison, Indiana|Madison]], established in 1814, chose to remain separate from the state bank under a territorial charter that was valid until 1835.<ref name=C1920>Carmony, p. 19–20</ref>

When state expenditures exceeded its revenues, Jennings preferred to secure the state's debts with bank loans to cover the shortfall rather than issuing treasury notes. Although taxes were levied and the state borrowed from the First State Bank of Indiana, the state's fiscal status remained bleak, worsened by the economic depression of 1819.<ref>Carmony, p. 13</ref> Around 1820 federal deposits at the First State Bank were suspended and the bank's notes were no longer accepted for purchases from federal land offices.<ref name=C1920/> Numerous reports of corruption at the Bank of Vincennes and the collapse of land values, brought on by the [[panic of 1819]], put the bank in further financial distress. By 1821 the bank was insolvent. In June 1822 the Knox County circuit court declared the First State Bank had forfeited its charter. In November 1823 the Indiana Supreme Court upheld the termination of the bank's charter and concluded that the First State Bank had "embezzled" $250,000 of federal deposits, issued more paper than it could redeem, had debt exceeding the limited allowed under its charter, established more branches than its capital and [[coins|specie]] could support, paid shareholders large dividends, and took steps to dissolve without paying debts owed.<ref>Carmony, p. 24</ref> For several years after the First State Bank's failure, Indiana citizens depended on the Bank of the United States, with a branch in Louisville, and the Farmers and Mechanics Bank of Madison for financial services.<ref name=g45/> Farmers and Mechanics Banks fared better than the First State Bank of Indiana, but its charter expired on January 1, 1835, and its paper passed at depreciated rates for several years.<ref>Carmony, p. 25</ref> Jennings was criticized for not monitoring the state's banks more carefully and investigating bank officials for potential wrongdoing.<ref name=g45/>

Most of Jennings second term was spent grappling with the state's continuing financial difficulties. When tax revenues and land sales remained low, the state's revenue was not sufficient to repay the bonds it used to finance internal improvements. The Indiana General Assembly was forced to significantly depreciate the value of its bonds, harming the state's credit and making it difficult to secure new loans.<ref name = g40/>

During his tenure as governor Jennings nominated three candidates to the [[Indiana Supreme Court]]: John Johnson, James Scott, and [[Jesse Lynch Holman]]. All three were quickly confirmed by the state legislature.<ref name=g44/><ref>Carmony, p. 9</ref>

===Treaty of St. Mary's===
{{See also|Treaty of St. Mary's}}

[[Image:Indiana Indian treaties.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Map showing treaties negotiated by Jennings.]]

In late 1818, Jennings was appointed as a federal commissioner, along with [[Lewis Cass]] and [[Benjamin Parke]], to negotiate a treaty with the [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] (Potawatomi, Wea, Miami, and Delaware), who lived in the northern and central parts of Indiana.<ref name=r234>Riker, p. 234</ref> The [[Treaty of St. Mary's]] allowed the State of Indiana to purchase millions of acres of land north of an 1809 treaty line and extending west to the Wabash River and two more parcels of land, which opened most of central Indiana to American settlement.<ref name=c263>Cayton, p. 263</ref> The appointment created a crisis in Jennings's political career.<ref>Mills, p. 189</ref> Because the state constitution prohibited a person from holding a federal government position while exercising duties as the state's governor, Jennings's political enemies seized the opportunity to force him from office by arguing that he had vacated the governor's office when he accepted the federal appointment.<ref name=r234/><ref name = w37>Woollen, p. 37</ref>

[[Lieutenant Governor of Indiana|Lieutenant Governor]] [[Christopher Harrison]] claimed that Jennings had "abandoned" his elected office and took over as the state's acting governor in Jennings's absence.<ref>Mills, p. 91</ref> In the meantime the [[Indiana House of Representatives]] launched an investigation. When Jennings learned of the situation, he was "mortified" that his actions were being questioned and burned the documents he received from the federal government that related to his assignment.<ref name = d377>Dunn, p. 377</ref><ref name=m19192>Mills, p. 191–92</ref> The legislature called Jennings and Harrison to appear for questioning; however, Jennings declined, stating the assembly did not have the authority to interrogate him, and Harrison refused to appear unless the assembly recognized him as the acting governor.<ref name = m19394>Mills, p. 193–94</ref> Because neither of the two men would meet with the legislature, the assembly demanded copies of the documents that Jennings received from the federal government to prove he was not acting as its agent. Jennings responded:
<blockquote>If I were in possession of any public documents calculated to advance the public interest, it would give me pleasure to furnish them, and I shall at all times be prepared to afford you any information which the constitution or laws of the State may require.... If the difficulty, real or supposed, has grown out of the circumstances of my having been connected with the negotiation at St Mary's, I feel it my duty to state to the committee that I acted from an entire conviction of its propriety and an anxious desire, on my part, to promote the welfare and accomplish the wishes of the whole people of the State in assisting to add a large and fertile tract of country to that which we already possess.<ref name = d377/></blockquote>

The legislature summoned everyone in the surrounding area who had any knowledge of the events at Saint Mary's, but found that no one was certain of Jennings's role in the commission. After a short debate, the House passed a resolution, voting 15 to 13, to recognize Jennings as governor and dropped it proceedings against him.<ref name = m19394/><ref>Woollen, p. 38</ref><ref group = n>The House committee investigation concluded Jennings had accepted a federal commission, but "was not prepared to say what its effect might be." See Carmony, p. 27.</ref> The House votes opposing Jennings came largely from the state's western counties.<ref>Carmony, p. 27</ref> Harrison was outraged by the decision and resigned as lieutenant governor.<ref>Mills, p. 194</ref>

In 1820 Harrison ran against Jennings in his reelection bid. Jennings won the election by a large majority, 11,256 votes to Harrison's 2,008.<ref name = w39>Woollen, p. 39</ref><ref>Mills, p. 196</ref> Jennings's win by a three-to-one margin suggests he remained a popular politician and the state's voters were not overly concerned by attacks on the governor's character.<ref>Carmony, p. 29</ref>

===Personal financial problems===
[[Image:Jennings mansion.jpg|right|thumb|Drawing of the home of Jonathan Jennings while he lived in Corydon, the first official governor's residence.]]

Jennings's personal finances suffered from the panic of 1819, while the Indiana governorship continued to increase his financial burden. Jennings was never able to recover from his debts.<ref name=r235>Riker, p. 235</ref> One historian suggests that Jennings's financial situation may arisen from the expenses incurred during his political campaigns, his long-time service in state government, and being too busy to adequately manage his farm.<ref name=m18788>Mills, p. 187–88</ref> Jennings and his wife frequently entertained visitors, legislators, and other dignitaries at their Corydon home. At a high-profile dinner in 1819, he hosted President [[James Monroe]] and General [[Andrew Jackson]] at a dinner held in their honor in Jeffersonville, when the two leaders were making a tour of the frontier states.<ref>Mills, p. 177</ref><ref>Carmony, p. 453</ref> In 1822 Jennings solicited a $1,000 personal loan from the [[Harmonists]] in a letter to his political ally, [[George Rapp]], but his request was denied. Jennings was able to secure personal loans from friends by granting mortgages on his land.<ref name=m18788/> Earlier in his career as a land speculator at Vincennes, when land prices decreased significantly, he was forced to sell several tracts of land at a loss.<ref name=r22526/><ref>Cayton, p. 245</ref>

By the late 1820s Jennings was critically short of cash.<ref>Mills, p. 218</ref> He depended on income from political office to pay his expenses. His farm was not likely to provide sufficient financial support. Because the thirty-eight-year-old Jennings was prohibited by law from running for reelection to a third term as Indiana governor in 1823, he was forced to consider other political options.<ref name=m198200>Mills, p. 198–200</ref><ref group = n>At that time Jennings was ineligible for re-election because the state constitution restricted the governor's term of service to a maximum of six years in a period of nine and Jennings had already served two three-year terms as governor. See Carmony, p. 80–81.</ref> Jennings decided to return to Congress.

===Return to Congress===
[[Image:Jonathan Jennings gravestone 002.JPG|thumb|Burial site of Jennings in the [[Charlestown, Indiana|Charlestown]] Cemetery.]]

In September 1822, shortly before his second term as governor expired, Jennings became a candidate for Congress after [[William Hendricks]] resigned his seat to run for Indiana governor.<ref name=r235/><ref>Gugin and St. Clair, p. 46</ref><ref name=C45658>Carmony, p. 456–58</ref><ref group = n>Historians have debated the idea that Jennings made an arrangement with Hendricks. In exchange for Jennings's support of Hendricks for the governorship, Hendricks would resign from Congress and support Jennings in the special election for the vacant congressional seat. See Mills, p. 199–200</ref> A special election was held on August 5, 1822, to fill Hendricks's vacant seat in Congress. At the same time, the state's increased population gave Indiana three congressional seats. A regular congressional election was held on the same day to elect three Indiana congressmen. Jennings and Davis Floyd were the principal candidates in the special election, which Jennings won.<ref name=C45658/> In the regular election to fill the seat for Indiana's Second Congressional District, Jennings easily won, defeating James Scott by a wide margin.<ref name=C45658/><ref>Mills, p. 204</ref> Jennings became a [[Democratic-Republican]] to the [[17th Congress]] and [[Lieutenant Governor of Indiana|Lieutenant Governor]] [[Ratliff Boon]] succeeded him as governor. Hendricks ran unopposed and was subsequently elected as governor to succeed Boon.<ref name = g40/><ref>Carmony, p. 80–81</ref> Jennings won reelection to Congress and represented Indiana's Second District until in 1830.<ref name=r235>Riker, p. 235</ref> He became a [[Jacksonian Republican]] in the [[18th United States Congress|18th Congress]], but switched his allegiance, becoming an Adams Republican in the [[19th Congress|19th]] and [[20th United States Congress|20th]] Congresses, and then aligned with the [[Anti-Jacksonian]]s in the [[21st Congress]].

Jennings continued to promote internal infrastructure improvements throughout his term in Congress.<ref name=m216>Mills, p. 216</ref> He introduced legislation to build more forts in the northwest, to grant federal funding for improvement projects in Indiana and Ohio, and led the debate in support of using federal funds to build the nations longest canal, [[Wabash and Erie Canal]], through Indiana. He introduced a legislative amendment that made a provision to locate and survey the [[National Road]] to the west, toward the [[Mississippi River]], so the people living in Indiana and Illinois would have some assurance that the road's large federal appropriation would benefit them directly.<ref>Riker, p. 234–35</ref> Jennings helped secure appropriation of funds to survey the Wabash River and make it more accessible to year-round steamboat travel.<ref name=r236>Riker, p. 236</ref>

In his reelection as the Second District congressman, Jennings supported tariff protection and internal improvements and vowed to support the presidential candidate that his constituents preferred if the election went to the House to decide the winner. Jennings won reelection to Congress in a close race, beating Jeremiah Sullivan of Madison.<ref>Carmony, p. 484–85</ref> In the presidential election of 1824 American political parties organized around three candidates: [[Andrew Jackson]] running against [[John Quincy Adams]] and [[Henry Clay]]. Jennings favored Adams, and later, Clay; however, when the contested presidential election passed to the House in 1825, Jennings voted with the majority and gave his political support to Jackson, but he was defeated in the House and Adams became president.<ref name=r236/><ref>Mills, p. 212</ref><ref group = n>Indiana's popular and electoral votes supported Jackson. Jennings may have used this information to decide his vote in Congress. See Riker, p. 236.</ref> Indiana voters who supported Jackson hoped for a victory in the next election.<ref group = n>In 1826, when William Henry Harrison returned to Indiana to stump for Adams, Jennings and Harrison found themselves on the same side. The two men toured the state together, endorsing [[John Quincy Adams|Adams]], and gave speeches that suggested they had reconciled their political differences and ended their feud. See Mills, p. 213</ref>

Jennings, seeking to advance his political career, ran for the [[United States Senate|Senate]] twice, but was defeated in both attempts.<ref name=r235/> In 1825 he was a senate candidate at a time when the Indiana General Assembly elected the state's senators to Congress. On the first ballot [[Isaac Blackford]] came in first, the incumbent governor, William Hendricks, came in second, and Jennings was third. On the fourth ballot Hendricks won the senate seat.<ref>Mills, p. 207–8</ref> In his second attempt Jennings lost to [[James Noble (senator)|James Noble]].<ref name=m216/>

Jennings's wife died in 1826 after a protected illness; the couple had no children. Jennings was deeply saddened by her loss and began to drink liquor more heavily.<ref>Mills, p. 210</ref> Later that year he married Clarissa Barbee, but his drinking condition only worsened and he was frequently inebriated.

While serving in Congress, Jennings's health continued to decline as he struggled with alcohol addiction and suffered from severe [[rheumatism]].<ref>Mills, p. 209</ref> In 1827 ceiling plaster from Jennings's Washington D.C. boarding room fell on his head, severely injuring him, and ill health limited his ability to visit his constituents,<ref name="Mills, p. 219"/> but he continued to remain a popular politician in Indiana. In the congressional election of 1826, Jennings ran unopposed.<ref>Carmony, p. 487</ref> He won reelection in 1828, soundly defeating his opponent, Indiana's lieutenant governor, John H. Thompson. Jennings did not publicly favor a presidential candidate and won the Second District seat with support from voters who favored Jackson and Adams.<ref>Carmony, p. 511–13</ref> During Jennings's final term in office House journals show that he introduced no legislation, was frequently not present to vote on matters, and only once delivered a speech. Jennings's friends, led by [[United States Senator|Senator]] [[John Tipton]], took note of his situation and took action to block Jennings's reelection bid when his drinking became a political liability.<ref name = w39/><ref name=m22223>Mills, p. 222–23</ref> [[John Carr (Indiana)|John Carr]], anti-Jackson man, opposed Jennings in a six-way race for the congressional seat and won the election.<ref name=m22223/> Tipton had arranged for others to enter the race and divide Jennings's supporters. Jennings left office on March 3, 1831.

==Later years==
Jennings was twice-elected Grand Master of the Indiana Grand Lodge of Freemasons, serving in 1824 and 1825. He declined reelection in 1825.<ref name = r237>Riker, p. 237</ref>

===Retirement===
Jennings retired with his wife, Clarissa, to his home in Charlestown.<ref name=w39/> Tipton may have felt it had been mistake to force Jennings out of public service and hoped that work would force him to give up alcohol. In 1831 Tipton secured Jennings an appointment to negotiate a treaty with native tribes in northern Indiana.<ref name=m224>Mills, p. 224</ref> Jennings attended the negotiations of the [[Treaty of Tippecanoe]], but the delegation failed in their attempt.<ref name=m22526>Mills, p. 225–26</ref> Afterwards, Jennings returned to his farm, where his health steadily declined. He continued drinking alcohol, spending considerable time a local tavern, and was frequently discovered sleeping in streets or in roadside ditches.<ref name=m224/><ref group = n>In the early 1830s Jennings made a pledge to stop drinking, but was he was unable to remain sober for long. See Mills, p. 222.</ref> Jenning's alcoholism worsened to the point where he was no longer able to tend his farm. Without a steady income Jennings's creditors began moving to seize his estate. In 1832 Tipton acquired the mortgage on Jennings's farm and enlisted the help of a local financier, [[James Lanier]], to acquire the debts on Jennings's other holdings.<ref name=m22526/><ref group = n>Jennings owed more than a thousand dollars on his mortgaged farm. See Mills, p. 226–27</ref> Tipton allowed Jennings to remain on his mortgaged farm for the remainder of Jennings's life and encouraged Lanier to grant the same permission.<ref>Mills, p. 228</ref>

Jennings died of a heart attack, most likely brought on by another bout with jaundice, on July 26, 1834, at his farm near Charlestown. He was fifty years old.<ref>Mills, p. xxvi and 228</ref> Jennings was buried after a brief ceremony in an unmarked grave. His estate lacked the funds to purchase a headstone.<ref>Owen, p. 248</ref> Jennings's creditors, many of whom were his neighbors, were left unpaid and disgruntled. Following Jennings's death, Tipton sold the Jennings farm to Joseph Carr and gave Jennings's widow a $100 gift from the proceeds.<ref name = m22930/>

==Legacy==

===Memorials===
In the late nineteenth century several attempts were made to erect a monument honoring Jennings's public service. On three separate occasions, in 1861, 1869 and 1889, petitions were brought before the Indiana General Assembly to erect a marker for Jennings's grave, but each attempt failed. In 1892 the state legislature finally granted the petition to erect a monument in his honor. Around the same time, after Jennings's unmarked gravesite was independently verified by three witnesses to his burial, his body was exhumed and reinterred at a new site at the Charlestown cemetery.<ref name=m22930/><ref group = n>Jennings's original burial site would have been forgotten if a group of school children who attended his funeral and were the only witnesses who were still living had not been able to identify its location. See Mills, p. 229.</ref>

Jonathan Jennings Elementary School in [[Charlestown, Indiana|Charlestown]] and [[Jennings County, Indiana|Jennings County]] are both named in his honor.<ref>Goodrich and Tuttle, p. 563</ref>

===Political impact===
Historians have offered varied interpretations of Jennings's life and his impact on the development of Indiana.<ref name=m22930>Mills, p. 229–30</ref> The state's early historians, William Wesley Woollen and [[Jacob Piatt Dunn]] Jr., wrote of Jennings in an almost mythical manner, focusing on the strong positive leadership he provided Indiana in its formative years. Dunn referred to Jennings as the "young Hercules", praising his crusade against Harrison and slavery.<ref>Mills, p. xiii</ref> Woolen's assessment was also positive: "Indiana owes him a debt more than she can compute."<ref name=w41/><ref name=m232>Mills, p. 232</ref> During the [[prohibition era]] in the early twentieth century, historians Logan Esarey and Arthur Blythe were more critical of Jennings.<ref name=mxv>Mills, p. xv</ref> Esarey, who wrote about Jennings during the height of Prohibition, when attitudes towards alcohol consumption was particularly harsh, was highly critical of Jennings's alcoholism and destitution.<ref name=mxvii>Mills, p. xvi and xvii</ref> Blythe described Jennings's abilities as "mediocre."<ref name=mxv/> Esarey argued that Jennings "took no decisive stand" on the important issues<ref>Esarey, p. 28</ref> and dismissed his importance and impact on Indiana, saying the legislature and its leading men set the tone of the era. In 1954 John Barnhart and Donald Carmony described Jennings as a "shrewd politician rather than a statesman", whose leadership was "not evident" at the 1816 convention.<ref name=mxvii/> Carmony argued that Jennings's "intemperance and poverty, should not obscure his significant contributions as territorial delegate to Congress, president of the Corydon Constitutional Convention, first state governor, and congressman."<ref>Carmony, p. 532–33</ref>

Modern historians, Howard Peckham, Randy Mills, Andrew R. L. Cayton, and Dorothy Riker, argue that Jennings's legacy may lie "somewhere between the two extremes" of Dunn's and Esarey's assessments.<ref>Riker, p. 239</ref> Mills agrees with Woollen that Indiana owes Jennings a debt of gratitude. Although Jennings's accomplishments were not extensive, he did a "commendable" job for his stewardship of a state in "transition to a more democratic form of government".<ref name=w41/><ref name=m232/> Cayton describes Jennings as "ambitious", "passionate", "hot-tempered", and "moody". He argues that Jennings was a successful campaigner, but an "indifferent" statesman and governor who was "not very good at laying out an agenda and achieving its implementation".<ref>Cayton, p. 227, 249–50</ref>

Jennings believed in popular democracy, opposed slavery, and despised aristocrats, especially William Henry Harrison, for "trampling on the rights of his fellow Americans."<ref>Cayton, p. 226–27</ref> His service as Indiana's governor and representative to Congress came at the end of one political era and the beginning of another, when governmental power and authority shifted from the governor and his patronage appointments to the state legislature and elected officials.<ref>Mills, p. 230–31</ref>

==Electoral history==

===Territorial delegate===
{{See also|Indiana Territory's At-large congressional district}}

{{Election box begin no change |title=Indiana Territory delegate to Congress, at-large, special election, 1809}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Independent (politics)
|candidate = Jonathan Jennings
|votes =429
|percentage = 46.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Independent (politics)
|candidate = Thomas Randolph
|votes = 405
|percentage =44.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Independent (politics)
|candidate = [[General Washington Johnston]]
|votes = 81
|percentage =8.7
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin no change |title=Indiana Territory delegate to Congress, at-large, 1810}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Independent (politics)
|candidate = Jonathan Jennings (incumbent)
|votes =523
|percentage = 52.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Independent (politics)
|candidate = Thomas Randolph
|votes = 476
|percentage =47.6
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin no change |title=Indiana Territory delegate to Congress, at-large, 1812}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Independent (politics)
|candidate = Jonathan Jennings (incumbent)
|votes =922
|percentage = 70.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Independent (politics)
|candidate = [[Waller Taylor]]
|votes = 548
|percentage =29.7
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin no change |title=Indiana Territory delegate to Congress, at-large, 1814}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Independent (politics)
|candidate = Jonathan Jennings (incumbent)
|votes =1802
|percentage = 69.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Independent (politics)
|candidate = Elijah Sparks
|votes = 848
|percentage =33.8
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Gubernatorial elections===
{{Election box begin no change |title=Indiana gubernatorial election, 1816<ref name="w33"/><ref name = cq1119>Congressional Quarterly, p. 1119</ref>}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Democratic-Republican
|candidate = Jonathan Jennings
|votes = 5,211
|percentage = 57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Democratic-Republican
|candidate = [[Thomas Posey]]
|votes = 3,934
|percentage = 43
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin no change |title=Indiana gubernatorial election, 1819<ref name = cq1119/><ref>Gugin and St. Clair, p. 51</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Democratic-Republican
|candidate = Jonathan Jennings (incumbent)
|votes = 11,256
|percentage = 84.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Christopher Harrison]]
|votes = 2,008
|percentage = 15.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Samuel Carr
|votes = 80
|percentage = —
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Indiana's 2nd Congressional district===
{{See also|Indiana's 2nd Congressional district}}

{{Election box begin no change |title=Indiana's 2nd Congressional district, 1822<ref>Congressional Quarterly, p. 541</ref>}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Jacksonian Republican
|candidate = Jonathan Jennings
|votes =15,129
|percentage = 100
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin no change |title=Indiana's 2nd Congressional district, 1824<ref>Congressional Quarterly, p. 545</ref>}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = National Republican Party
|candidate = Jonathan Jennings (incumbent)
|votes =4,680
|percentage = 53.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = National Republican Party
|candidate = [[Jeremiah Sullivan]]
|votes =4,119
|percentage = 46.8
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin no change |title=Indiana's 2nd Congressional district, 1826<ref>Congressional Quarterly, p. 548</ref>}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = National Republican Party
|candidate = Jonathan Jennings (incumbent)
|votes =7913
|percentage = 99.5
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin no change |title=Indiana's 2nd Congressional district, 1828<ref>Congressional Quarterly, p. 551</ref>}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Anti-Jacksonian
|candidate = Jonathan Jennings (incumbent)
|votes =7,659
|percentage = 73.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Independent (politics)
|candidate = John H. Thompson
|votes =2,785
|percentage = 26.7
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin no change |title=Indiana's 2nd Congressional district, 1830<ref>Congressional Quarterly, p. 556</ref>}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Jacksonian Republican
|candidate = [[John Carr (Indiana)|John Carr]]
|votes =4,854
|percentage = 32.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Anti-Jacksonian
|candidate = [[William W. Wick]]
|votes =4,605
|percentage = 31.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Independent (politics)
|candidate = [[James B. Ray]]
|votes =1,732
|percentage = 11.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Anti-Jacksonian
|candidate = Jonathan Jennings (incumbent)
|votes =1,680
|percentage = 11.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| |party = Independent (politics)
|candidate = John H. Thompson
|votes =1,486
|percentage = 10.0
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Indiana}}
*[[History of Indiana]]
*[[List of Governors of Indiana]]
{{-}}

==Footnotes==
<references group =n/>

==References==

===Notes===
{{Reflist|colwidth=15em}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book | author =Barnhart, John D., and Donald F. Carmony| title =Indiana: From Frontier to Industrial Commonwealth | publisher =Lewis Historical Publishing Company | series = | volume =1 | edition = | year =1954 | location =New York | pages = | url = | isbn =}}
*{{cite book | last =Carmony | first =Donald F. | coauthors = | title =Indiana, 1816–1850: The Pioneer Era | publisher =Indiana Historical Bureau and the Indiana Historical Society | series =The History of Indiana | volume =2 | edition = | year =1998 | location =Indianapolis | pages = | url = | isbn =0-87195-124-X}}
*{{cite book | last =Cayton | first =Andrew R. L. | coauthors = | title =Frontier Indiana | publisher =Indiana University Press | series = | volume = | edition = | year =1996 | location =Bloomington | pages = | url = | isbn =}}
*{{cite book|title=Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections|isbn=1-56802-602-1|publisher=CQ Press|location=Washington, D.C.}}
*{{cite book|author=[[Jacob Piatt Dunn|Dunn, Jacob Piatt]]|title=Indiana and Indianans: A History of Aboriginal and Territorial Indiana and the Century of Statehood|location=New York and Chicago|publisher=[[American Historical Society]]|year=1919}}
*{{cite book|author=Esarey, Logan |title=Messages and Papers of Jonathan Jennings, Ratliff Boone, William Hendricks, 1816-1825 | location =Indianapolis | publisher = Indiana Historical Commission | year=1924}}
*{{cite book|author=Goodrich, De Witt C., and Charles Richard Tuttle |title=An Illustrated History of the State of Indiana|year=1875|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-1ntxcb7KJYC}}
*{{cite book|editor=Gugin, Linda C., and James E. St. Clair |title=The Governors of Indiana|publisher=Indiana Historical Society Press|location=Indianapolis|year=2006|isbn=0-87195-196-7}}
*{{cite book|title=Jonathan Jennings: Indiana's First Governor|author=Mills, Randy Keith|publisher=[[Indiana Historical Society]] Press|location=Indianapolis|year= 2005|isbn=978-0-87195-182-3}}
*{{cite book|title=Mr. Jefferson's Hammer|pages=248|author=Owen, Robert|year=2007|isbn=0-8061-3842-4|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|location=Norman}}
*{{cite journal | last =Riker | first =Dorothy L. | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =Jonathan Jennings | journal =Indiana Magazine of History | volume =28 | issue =4 | pages =223–39 | publisher =Indiana University | location =Bloomington | date =December 1932 | url = http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/imh/view.do?docId=VAA4025-028-4-a01 | accessdate =2013-05-29}}
*{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=PCbZ8rS-84gC|title=Biographical and Historical Sketches of Early Indiana|author=Woollen, William Wesley|publisher=Ayer Publishing|year=1975|isbn=0-405-06896-4}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
*[http://www.in.gov/history/2461.htm Biography of Jonathan Jennings], [[Indiana Historical Bureau]]
*{{CongBio|J000097}}
*[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=5796 Jonathan Jennings] on Find-A-Grave

{{S-start}}
{{s-par|us-hs}}
{{USRepSuccessionBox
|type=Delegate
|state=Indiana Territory
|before=[[Jesse B. Thomas]]
|after=[[William Hendricks]] *State of Indiana — Indiana Territorial government was dissolved
|years=November 27, 1809 – December 11, 1816
}}
{{USRepSuccessionBox
| state = Indiana
| district = AL
| before = [[William Hendricks]]
| after = ''District inactive''
| years = 1822-1823
}}
{{s-off}}
{{Succession box
|title=[[Governor of Indiana]]
|before=[[Thomas Posey]] Territorial Governor
|after=[[Ratliff Boon]]
|years=1816–1822}}
{{S-end}}
{{Governors of Indiana}}
{{Indiana history}}
{{Good article}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jennings, Jonathan}}
[[Category:1784 births]]
[[Category:1834 deaths]]
[[Category:Charlestown, Indiana]]
[[Category:Governors of Indiana]]
[[Category:Delegates to the United States House of Representatives from Indiana Territory]]
[[Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from Indiana]]
[[Category:Indiana Territory officials]]
[[Category:People from Charlestown, Indiana]]
[[Category:American Presbyterians]]
[[Category:Indiana Democratic-Republicans]]
[[Category:Delegates to the 1816 Indiana constitutional convention]]
[[Category:Indiana Jacksonians]]
[[Category:Indiana National Republicans]]
[[Category:Vincennes University]]
[[Category:Democratic-Republican Party state governors of the United States]]
[[Category:Democratic-Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives]]
[[Category:National Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives]]

Indiana School for the Deaf

2016-03-30T04:52:05Z

Jlharl: 1 revision imported: Multiple history articles

{{Infobox school
| name = Indiana School for the Deaf
| image = isd-hoosier-mascot.png
| imagesize = 250px
| established = 1843
| type = [[Schools for the deaf|Schools for the Deaf]], [[State school]]
| grades = Pre-K-12
| head_name = Director of Instruction
| head = Kim Kause<ref>''Deaf Hoosier News'', Indianapolis, IN, 2011-07-01. ([http://www.deafhoosiers.com/News/News20110719A.asp])</ref>
| superintendent = Dr. David Geeslin
| faculty =
| students = 355 (on-campus)
| enrollment = up to 600
| enrollment_as_of = 2015
| campus size = ~14 acres
| campus type = Suburban
| mascot = [[New World oriole|Orioles]]
| address = 1200 East 42nd Street
| city = [[Indianapolis]]
| state = [[Indiana]]
| zipcode = 95608
| country = {{flagcountry|USA}}
| sports = Football, Volleyball, Cross Country, Basketball, Wrestling, Baseball, Softball, Swimming, Track and Field, Cheerleading<ref>http://deafhoosiers.com/</ref>
| colors = [[Orange (color)|Orange]] and [[Black (color)|Black]] {{color box|#FF7F00}}{{color box|black}}
| languages = [[American Sign Language]], [[English]]
| homepage =
| website = {{URL|http://www.isdorioles.com/}}
| free_label1 = Athletic Director
| free_text1 = Paul Wood<ref>''Deaf Hoosier Sports Poster'', Indianapolis, IN, 2011-12-11. ([http://deafhoosiers.com/Athletics/SportsPoster.pdf])</ref>
}}
{{Infobox NRHP
| name = Indiana School for the Deaf
| nrhp_type = hd | nocat = yes
| image = ISD02.jpg
| caption = Front of the main building
| location = 1200 E. 42nd St., [[Indianapolis]], [[Indiana]]
| lat_degrees = 39
| lat_minutes = 50
| lat_seconds = 6
| lat_direction = N
| long_degrees = 86
| long_minutes = 8
| long_seconds = 16
| long_direction = W
| coord_display = inline,title
| locmapin = Indiana
| built = 1911
| architect = [[Rubush & Hunter]]; Et al.
| architecture = Classical Revival
| added = June 27, 1991
| area = {{convert|14|acre}}
| governing_body = State
| refnum = 91000790<ref name=nris>{{NRISref|2009a}}</ref>
}}

'''Indiana School for the Deaf (ISD)''' is a fully accredited school for the [[deaf]] and hard of hearing, located in [[Indianapolis]], [[Indiana]]. It won the best deaf school in America in 2011 and 2014

==History==
When the first school for the Deaf was established in Indiana, it was not called Indiana School for the Deaf. It was named Willard School, after the founder, [[William Willard (deaf educator)|William Willard]].<ref>Gannon, Jack. 1981. ''Deaf Heritage–A Narrative History of Deaf America'', Silver Spring, MD: National Association of the Deaf, p. 23 ([http://saveourdeafschools.org/Deaf_Heritage_by_Jack_Gannon_page_23.pdf PDF])</ref>

William Willard was a deaf [[teacher]] who taught at [[Ohio School for the Deaf]] in [[Columbus, Ohio]]. He traveled to Indianapolis in May 1843 to propose the establishment of a Deaf School. Once he had the support of the General Assembly, he recruited approximately twelve students. He and his wife, Eliza, were teachers. Eventually, the school had grown and a law which was passed in January 1846, officially established the Willard School as the sixth state school for the Deaf and the first Deaf school to provide free education to Deaf and hard of hearing students. The school had actually moved a few times in different locations, when finally, the school was built on an 80 acre (32 hectare) property on East 42nd Street. The name was changed to Indiana School for the Deaf. The school's main buildings on the current campus are registered as historic landmarks. For more information on the History of ISD, please scroll down to the External Links section.

==Philosophy==

'''ISD''' is prominent for being a leader in [[Bilingual-bicultural education]].

The Bilingual/Bicultural Philosophy provides language acquisition and facilitates proficiency in two languages, [[American Sign Language]] (ASL), and [[English language|English]]. By providing an enriched academic and cultural learning environment, its Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing students develop a sense of identity within the Deaf community. Students also develop the knowledge, skills, and attitudes to function effectively with members of a multicultural, diversified community.

==Academics==
ISD offers several programs ranging from infants to high school. They are as follows: Parent Infant Program, [[Preschool]], [[elementary school|Elementary]], [[Middle School]], and [[High School]].

The Parent Infant Program works closely with parents and their deaf or hard of hearing children from ages 0 to 3. When a student reaches 18 months of age, he or she can enroll at ISD as an official student. Preschool handles children up until Pre-[[Kindergarten]]. Elementary provides academics and activities for Kindergarten through 4thgrade students. Middle school hosts grades 5 to 8, and High School hosts grades 9 through 12.

==Residency==
ISD is also a [[boarding school|residential school]]. It has dormitories where students reside throughout the week. Students arrive on Sundays and depart on Fridays. Dormitories are for students who live far enough not to be able to travel by bus every day to school. There are dormitories for male and female students: Preschool, Elementary, Middle School, and High School. ISD's residential programs offers extracurricular activities, peer interaction, student growth and development, achievement, and more.

==Athletics==
ISD offers several athletics starting from 5th grade to 12th grade. There are sports for both female and male students.
*Male Sports
**Football
**Cross Country
**Wrestling
**Basketball
**Baseball
**Track and Field
**Swimming
*Female Sports
**Volleyball
**Basketball
**Cheerleading
**Track and Field
**Swimming
**Softball

==See also==
*[[William Willard (deaf educator)|William Willard]], founder and first Deaf superintendent of ISD
*[[Sean Berdy]], actor, class of 2011

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.deafhoosiers.com Indiana School for the Deaf Website]
*[http://www.isdorioles.com Indiana School for the Deaf Athletics]
{{Historic Places in Indianapolis}}

[[Category:Schools in Indianapolis, Indiana]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Indianapolis, Indiana]]
[[Category:Schools for the deaf in the United States]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1843]]
[[Category:Public schools in Indiana]]
[[Category:1843 establishments in Indiana]]
[[Category:Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana]]

William Willard

2016-03-30T04:48:47Z

Jlharl:

[[File:William Willard.jpg|thumb|William Willard]]
'''William Willard''' (November 1, 1809 – February 15, 1881)<ref>[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=Willard&GSfn=William&GSbyrel=all&GSdyrel=all&GSob=n&GRid=22201027&df=all& William Willard (1809-1881)]</ref> founded [[Indiana School for the Deaf]] in [[Indianapolis, Indiana]]. He was one of the most important deaf persons in the deaf community.

William Willard was born on November 1, 1809 in Brattleboro, Vermont. He grew up in Rockingham, Vermont, and attended American School for the Deaf in Hartford, Connecticut. During his schooling, he was a student of Laurent Clerc. After he graduated, he taught at a school for the deaf in Columbus, Ohio, which was called Ohio School for the Deaf. There, he met Eliza Young, who was also deaf and a teacher, and married her. Eventually, the both of them traveled to Indianapolis, Indiana, and William proposed the establishment of a school for the Deaf.

He and Eliza traveled throughout the state of Indiana on horseback, recruiting potential deaf students in order to form a school. On October 1, 1843 was the first day of school, and William's school had twelve students. William and his wife, Eliza, both were teachers. Eventually, Indiana passed a law that established the school as a state institution, and after William became Principal of the school, Indiana passed a law that officially declared [[Indiana School for the Deaf]] as the sixth state school for the Deaf to provide free education to all deaf and hard of hearing students.<ref>[http://deafhoosiers.com/aboutisd/history.asp Indiana School for the Deaf: About ISD: School History]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{wikipedia}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Willard, William}}
[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Deaf history]]

File:William Willard.jpg

2016-03-30T04:47:27Z

Jlharl: Jlharl uploaded File:William Willard.jpg

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|bn = এই কর্মটি মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রে '''[[public domain|পাবলিক ডোমেইনে]]''' রয়েছে এবং সেই সকল দেশে যেখানে কপিরাটের সময়সীমা প্রণেতার জীবন যোগ '''{{{X}}}''' বছর বা কম।

|ca = Aquest material està en '''[[:ca:Domini públic|domini públic]]''' als Estats Units i als altres països on el dret d'autor s'estén per '''{{{X}}}''' anys (o menys) després de la mort de l'autor.

|ce = ХӀара произведени АЦШхь а авторан бакъонаш '''{{{X}}}''' шарахь гӀорала еш йолу пачхьалкхашкахь а '''[[public domain|юкъараллин рицӀкъан]]''' юкъа йогӀу.

|cs = {{#if: {{{deathyear|}}} | Autor zemřel v roce {{{deathyear}}}, takže toto | Toto}} '''[[:cs:Volné dílo|dílo je volné]]''' také v zemích, jejichž právní řád chrání majetková autorská práva po dobu '''života autora a {{{X}}} let po jeho smrti'''.

|da = {{#if: {{{deathyear|}}} | Ophavsmanden døde i {{{deathyear}}}, så værket | Værket}} er også offentlig ejendom i lande og områder, hvor [[w:List of countries' copyright length|ophavsrettens længde]] er ophavsmandens '''levetid plus {{{X}}} år eller derunder'''.

|de = {{#if: {{{deathyear|}}} | Der Urheber dieses Werks ist {{{deathyear}}} gestorben; es ist daher | Dieses Werk ist}} '''[[:de:Gemeinfreiheit|gemeinfrei]]''', weil seine urheberrechtliche Schutzfrist abgelaufen ist. Dies gilt für das Herkunftsland des Werks und alle weiteren Staaten mit einer gesetzlichen Schutzfrist von '''{{{X}}} oder weniger Jahren nach dem Tod des Urhebers'''.

|diq = Na gurweynayış DAY dı yana nuskare cı merdışi sera '''{{{X}}}''' yana dehana veşi zeman reverdo se dewleta piron dı beno '''[[w:diq:Male şari|Male şariyo]]'''.

|en = {{#if: {{{deathyear|}}} | The author died in {{{deathyear}}}, so this | This}} work is in the '''[[:en:public domain|public domain]]''' in its country of origin and other countries and areas where the [[w:List of countries' copyright length|copyright term]] is the author's '''life plus {{{X}}} years or less'''.

|eo = Tiu ĉi verko estas '''[[:eo:Publika havaĵo|publika havaĵo]]''' en tiuj landoj, kies kopirajtado validas por longo de vivo plus '''{{{X}}}''' jaroj aŭ malpli.

|es = Este material está en '''[[:es:Dominio público|dominio público]]''' en los demás países donde el derecho de autor se extiende por '''{{{X}}}''' años (o menos) tras la muerte del autor.

|et = {{#if: {{{deathyear|}}} | Autor suri {{{deathyear}}}. aastal, seega kuulub see teos | See teos kuulub }} '''[[:et:avalik omand|avalikku omandisse]]''' päritoluriigis ja teistes riikides, kus autoriõigus [[w:List of countries' copyright length|kehtib]] '''{{{X}}} aastat''' pärast autori surma või vähem.

|eu = Material hau '''[[:eu:Jabetza publiko|jabetza publiko]]an''' dago, egile eskubideak, egilea hil eta '''{{{X}}}''' urteetara (edo gutxiagora) iraungitzen diren gainerako herrialdeetan.

|fa = {{#if: {{{deathyear|}}} | پدیدآورنده این اثر در سال {{{deathyear}}} درگذشته است، پس این | این}} اثر در کشورهایی و مناطقی که [[:fa:فهرست مدت زمان حق تکثیر کشورها|مدت زمان حق تکثیر]]، عمر پدیدآورنده بعلاوه '''{{{X}}}''' سال یا کمتر بعد از مرگ او است، در [[:fa:مالکیت عمومی|مالکیت عمومی]] قرار دارد.

|fi = Tämä teos on '''[[:fi:public domain|public domainissa]]''' lähes maailmanlaajuisesti, koska tekijän kuolemasta on kulunut yli '''{{{X}}}''' vuotta.

|fr = {{#if: {{{deathyear|}}} | L'auteur est mort en {{{deathyear}}} ; cette œuvre est donc|Cette œuvre est }} également dans le '''[[:fr:Domaine public (propriété intellectuelle)|domaine public]]''' dans tous les pays pour lesquels le [[:fr:Durée du droit d'auteur par pays|copyright a une durée]] de vie de '''{{{X}}} ans ou moins après la mort de l'auteur'''.

|gl = Este material está no '''[[:gl:Dominio público|dominio público]]''' nos demáis países onde os dereitos de autor se extenden por '''{{{X}}}''' anos (ou menos) trala morte do autor.

|he = יצירה זו עומדת ל'''[[:he:רשות הציבור|רשות הציבור]]''' בארצות הברית, ובמדינות עם תקופת זכויות יוצרים של חיי היוצר ו-'''{{{X}}}''' שנה ממותו או יותר.

|hu = {{#if: {{{deathyear|}}} | A szerző halálozási ideje {{{deathyear}}}, ezért ez | Ez}} a mű '''[[:hu:Közkincs|közkincs]]''' abban az országában ahol elkészítették és minden olyan további államban, ahol a szerzői jogi védelmi idő '''a szerző élete plusz {{{X}}} év vagy kevesebb'''.

|ig = Orüá di na '''[[:ig:Public domain|áma]]''' ime obodo nwéré iwu nke si ndu onye kéré iheá gi di na afor '''{{{X}}}''' garaga ma afor nke di nso.

|it = {{#if: {{{deathyear|}}} | L'autore è deceduto nel {{{deathyear}}}, quindi quest'| Quest'}}opera è nel '''[[:it:Pubblico dominio|pubblico dominio]]''' anche in tutti i Paesi e nelle aree in cui la [[w:List of countries' copyright length|durata del copyright]] è la '''vita dell'autore più {{{X}}} anni o meno'''.

|ja = {{#if: {{{deathyear|}}} | 著作者は{{{deathyear|}}}年に亡くなっているので、}}この著作物は、[[:ja:著作権の保護期間|著作権の保護期間]]が著作者の'''没後{{{X}}}年以下'''である国や地域でパブリックドメインの状態にあります。

|ko = 이 작품은 미국, 그리고 저작권 보호 기간이 저작자 '''사후 {{{X}}}년''', 또는 그 이하인 모든 국가에서 '''[[:ko:퍼블릭 도메인|퍼블릭 도메인]]'''입니다.

|kk = ''Бұл туынды АҚШ-тың '''[[public domain|қоғамдық қазынасы]]''' және бұл елдерде авторлық құқық сақталу мерзімі авторы қайтыс болғанына '''{{{X}}}''' жылдан асқан немесе одан аз болады.

|lt = Šis failas yra '''[[:lt:Viešo naudojimo režimas|viešo naudojimo]]''' tose šalyse, kuriose autorių teisės galiojimo netenka po '''{{{X}}}''' metų nuo autoriaus mirties.

|mk = {{#if: {{{deathyear|}}} |Авторот починал во {{{deathyear}}} г., така што ова|Ова}} дело е во '''[[:mk:Јавен домен|јавна сопственост]]''' и во земјите и подрачјата каде [[w:List of countries' copyright length|авторските права важат]] '''додека е жив авторот плус {{{X}}} години или пократко'''.

|ml = {{#if: {{{deathyear|}}} |സ്രഷ്ടാവ് മരിച്ചത് {{{deathyear}}}-നു്, ആയതിനാൽ ഇത്|ഇത്}} സ്രഷ്ടാവിന്റെ '''ജീവിതകാലത്തിനു ശേഷം {{{X|X}}} അല്ലെങ്കിൽ അതിൽക്കുറവ് വർഷങ്ങൾ''' എന്നു [[w:List of countries' copyright length|പകർപ്പവകാശ കാലാവധി]] നിജപ്പെടുത്തിയിട്ടുള്ള രാജ്യങ്ങളിലും അഥവാ പ്രദേശങ്ങളിലും പൊതുസഞ്ചയത്തിൽ ഉൾപ്പെടുന്നു.

|ms = Karya ini berada dalam '''[[:ms:Domain awam|domain awam]]'' di negara-negara dengan tempoh hak cipta hayat pencipta ditambah '''{{{X}}}''' tahun atau kurang.

|nds = Disse Datei is '''[[:nds:Publiek domein|gemeenfree]]'''. Dat gellt för all Länner, bi de dat Oorheverrecht na Levenstied plus '''{{{X}}}''' Johr oder weniger utlöppt.

|nl = {{#if: {{{deathyear|}}} | De auteur overleed in {{{deathyear}}}, dus dit | Dit}} werk bevindt zich in het '''[[:nl:Publiek domein|publiek domein]]''' in landen en gebieden waar de [[w:List of countries' copyright length|auteursrechttermijn]] het '''leven van de auteur plus {{{X|X}}} jaar of minder''' is.

|nn = Dette verket er '''[[:nn:Offentleg eigedom|falt i det fri]]''' i Noreg, og dei landa som har opphavsrettsleg vernetid på '''{{{X}}}''' år etter opphavsmannen sin død, eller kortare.

|no = Dette verket er '''[[:no:Offentlig eiendom|offentlig eiendom]]''' i Norge, EU og land der den opphavsrettslige [[:no:Opphavsrett#Vernetid|vernetiden]] etter [[:no:Opphavsmann|opphavsmannens]] død er '''{{{X}}}''' år eller kortere. Merk at noen land har lengre vernetid.

|pl={{#if: {{{deathyear|}}} | Autor pliku zmarł w {{{deathyear}}} roku, więc ten | Ten}} plik jest '''[[:pl:domena publiczna|własnością publiczną]]''' w kraju pochodzenia oraz w państwach i na obszarach, gdzie [[w:List of countries' copyright length|prawo autorskie wygasa]] '''{{{X}}}''' lat po śmierci autora.

|pt = Este material é de '''[[:pt:Domínio público|domínio público]]''' nos países onde os direitos autorais se estendem por '''{{{X}}}''' anos (ou menos) após a morte de seu autor.

|ro = {{#if: {{{deathyear|}}} | Autorul a murit în {{{deathyear}}}, astfel încât a|A}}ceastă lucrare este, de asemenea, în domeniul public în ţările şi zonele în care [[w:List of countries' copyright length|durata drepturilor de autor]] '''este viaţa autorului plus {{{X}}} de ani sau mai puţin'''.

|ru = Это произведение находится в '''[[w:public domain|общественном достоянии]]''' в тех странах, где срок охраны [[w:List of countries' copyright length|авторского права]] равен жизни автора плюс '''{{{X}}}''' лет и менее.

|sl = {{#if: {{{deathyear|}}} | Avtor je umrl leta {{{deathyear}}}, zato je to delo | To delo je}} v javni lasti tudi v državah in na območjih, kjer [[w:List of countries' copyright length|trajajo avtorske pravice]] za časa avtorjevega '''življenja in še {{{X}}} let ali manj po tem'''.

|sr = {{#if: {{{deathyear|}}} | Аутор је умро {{{deathyear}}}, па је | Овај}} рад је такође у јавном власништву у државама са [[w:List of countries' copyright length|роком ауторства]] '''за живота аутора плус {{{X}}} година или мање'''.

|sv = {{#if: {{{deathyear|}}} | Upphovsmannen dog {{{deathyear}}}, så detta | Detta}} verk är också upphovsrättsfritt i länder och områden där upphovsrätten [[w:List of countries' copyright length|förfaller]] '''{{{X}}} år eller färre''' efter upphovsmannens död.

|tr = Bu çalışma ABD<nowiki>'</nowiki>de veya yazarın yaşamının sona ermiş olmasından '''{{{X}}}''' veya daha fazla süre geçtiğinde bu duruma uygun telif yasaları olan tüm ülkelerde ''[[w:tr:Kamu malı|kamu malıdır]]''.

|uk = {{#if: {{{deathyear|}}} | Автор помер у {{{deathyear}}} році, тому ця | Ця}} робота перебуває у [[:uk:Суспільне надбання|суспільному надбанні]] у країнах і територіях, де [[w:List of countries' copyright length|авторське право]] охороняється протягом '''життя автора та {{{X}}} років після того або менше'''.

|zh = 本图像{{#if: {{{deathyear|}}} |作者于{{{deathyear|}}}年逝世，}}在'''美国'''以及版权期限是'''作者终身加{{{X}}}年'''以下的国家以及地区属于'''[[:zh:公有领域|公有领域]]'''。

|zh-hans = 本图像{{#if: {{{deathyear|}}} |作者于{{{deathyear|}}}年逝世，}}在'''美国'''以及版权期限是'''作者终身加{{{X}}}年'''以下的国家以及地区属于'''[[:zh:公有领域|公有领域]]'''。

|zh-hant = 本圖像{{#if: {{{deathyear|}}} |作者於{{{deathyear|}}}年逝世，}}在'''美國'''以及版權期限是'''作者終身加{{{X}}}年'''以下的國家以及地區屬於'''[[:zh:公有領域|公有領域]]'''。

}}<noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude>

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